Description
The trophic form has one karyomastigont and is organized like an Oxymonas with 4 flagella , 1 Clev anterior nucleus , a large axostyle protruding posteriorly , a rostellum containing a recurvent bundle of fibers (Fig . 14A) . At the molting period of the termite , the flagellate detaches from the stine wall and undergoes a series of sformations comprising the multiplication of ella (Fig . 148) and an encystment phase where flagella regress . The only species , S. ikiensis, a symbiont of Glyptotermes boukoko a complex life cycle is incompletely known sse, 1952) . dgood , R. A. , Miller K. R., Fitzharris , T. P., Mcintosh , J. R. 1974. The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms . J . Morpho/., 143:77-106 . erolle, G. 1970. Sur !'ultrastructure et Ia positi on systematique de Pyrsonympha vertens (Zooflagellata Pyrsonymphina) . C. R. Acad. Sc., Paris, 270:3474-3478 . erolle , G. 1980. Etude ultrastructurale du flag ell e parasite Po/ymastix melolonthae (Oxymonadid a) . Protistologica , 17:139-145 . erolle , G. 1991 . Flagellar and cytosk eletal systems in amitochondrial flag ell ates : Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala. Protoplasma, 164:70-90 . erolle , G. & Konig , H. 1997. Ultrastructure and organization of the cytoskel eton in Oxymon as, an intestinal flagellate of termites. J. Euk. Microbial., 44 :305 - 313 . erolle , G. & Joyon , L. 1973. Ultrastructure du genre Monocercomonoides (Travis). Zooflagellata, Oxymonadida. Protistologica, 9: 1-80 . eland , L. R. 1938. Mitosis in Py rsonympha . A rc h . Protistenkd., 91 :452 - 455 . eland , L. R. 1950a. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. II. Gametogenesis, fertilization , and one-division me1os1s in Saccinobacu/us. J. Morpho/., 86 :215-228 . veland , L. R. 1950b. Hormone-induced sexu al cycles of flagellates . IV. Meiosis after syng amy and before fusion in Notila. J. Morpho/., 87 :31 7-348. veland , L. R. 1950c. Hormone-induced sexu al cycles of flagellates . II . Gametogenesis , fe rtilization , and one-division meiosis in Oxymonas. J. Morph ., 86 :185-214 . eland, L. R. 1966. Nuclear division without cytokinesis followed by fusion of pronuclei in Paranotila lata gen. et sp. nov. J. Proto zoal. , 13 :132-136 . eland , L. R., Hall , S. R., Sanders , E. P. & Coll ie r, J . 1934. The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus , its protozoa and the symbios is betweeen protozoa and roach . Mem . Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 17:155 -342 . OXYMONADIDA Cochrane, M. , Smith, H. E., Buhse, Jr., H. E. & Scammell , J. G. 1979. Structure of the attached stage of Pyrsonympha in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar. Protisto/ogica, 15 :259-270 . Connell, F. H. 1930. The morphology and life-cycle of Oxymonas dimorpha sp. nov., from Neotermes simplicicornis (Banks). Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 36:51-66 . Cross, J . B. 1946. The flagellate subfamily Oxymonadidae. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 53:67-162 . Grasse , P. P. 1952. Famille des Polymastigidae, Ordre des Pyrsonymphines, Ordre des Oxymonadines . In: Grasse P.- P. (ed.), Traite de Zoologie, Vol. I. Masson et Cie, Paris. pp 780-823 Hollande , A. & Carruette-Valentin, J. 1970a. La lignee des Pyrsonymphines et les caracteres infrastructuraux communs aux autres genres Opisthomitus, Oxymonas, Saccinobaculus, Pyrsonympha et Streblomastix. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris , 0, 270 :1587-1590. Hollande , A . & Carruette-Valentin, J. 197Gb. Appariement chromosomique et complexes synaptonematiques dans les noyaux de depolyplo"ldisation chez Pyrsonympha flagellata : le cycle evolutif des Pyrsonymphines symbiotiques de Reticulitermes lucifugus. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 0, 270 :2250-2255 . Kidder, G. W. 1929. Streblomastix strix, morphology and mitosis. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 33 :109-124. Kirby , H. 1929. A species of Proboscidiella from Kalotermes (Cryptotermes) dudlei Banks, a termite of Central America, with remarks on the oxymonad flagellates. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 72 :355-386. Kirby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1949. Flagellates of the caecum of ground squirrels . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 53 :315-366 . Kofoid , C. A. & Swezy, 0. 1919. Studies on the parasites of the termites. I. On Streblomastix strix , a polymastigote flagellate with a linear plasmodial phase. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20:1-20. Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1926. On Oxymonas, a flagellate with an extensile and retractile proboscis from Kalotermes from British Guiana Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 28 :285-300. Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1926. On Proboscidie/la multinucleata gen. nov., from Planocryptotermes nocens from the Phillipine ·islands, a multinucleate flagellate with a remarkable organ of attachment. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 28:301-316. Koidzumi, M. 1921 . Studies on the intestinal Protozoa found in the termites of Japan. Parasitology, 13 :235-309 . Kulda, J . & Nohynkova, E. 1978. Flagellates of the human intestine and of the intestine of other species . In: Kreier J. P. (ed.), Parasitic Protozoa . Vol. II. Academic Press New York . pp 2-138 Lavette, A. 1973. Sur !'ultrastructure et les affinites systematiques de Microrhopalodina inflata , flagelle symbiotique du termite a cou jaune Calotermes flavicol/is . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 0 , 276 : 1307 - 1311 . Mcintosh, R., Ogata, E. S. & Landis, S. C. 1973 . The axostyle of Saccinobacu/us. I. Structure of the organism and its microtubule bundle . J. Cell Bioi., 56 :304-323 . Nie, D. 1950. Morphology and taxonomy of the intestinal Protozoa of the guinea-pig , Cavia parcel/a. J. Morpho/., 86:381-493. Powells , W. N. 1928 . On the morphology of Pyrsonympha with a description of 3 new species from Reticulitermes hesperus Banks . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/. , 31:179-200 . Radek, R. 1994. Monocercomonoides termitis n. sp ., an oxymonad from lower termite Kalotermes sinaicus. Arch. Protistenkd., 144:373-382 . Rother, A., Radek R. & Hausmann , K. 1999 . Characterization of surface structures covering termite flagellates of the Family Oxymonadidae and ultrastructure of two oxymonad species , Microrhopalodina multinuc/eata and Oxymonas sp . Europ . J. Protista!., 35:1-16 . Srr.ith, H. S. & Arnot, H. J . 1973. Scales associated with the external surface of Pyrsonympha vertens. Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc. USA , 92 :670 -677. Travis, B. W. 1931-32 . A discussion of synonymy in the nomenclature of certain insect flagellates, with the description of a new flagellate from the larvae of Lygirodes relictus Say (Coleoptera-Scarabeidae) . Iowa State College J. Sc., VI : 317-323 . Vickerman, K. 1982. Mastigophora. In : Parker S. P. (ed .), Synopsis and classification of Living Organisms. Vol. I. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. pp 496-508 Yamin , M. A. 1979a. Flagellates of the orders Trichomonadida Kirby , Oxymonadida Grasse, and Hypermastigida Grassi and Foa reported from I ower termites (lsoptera families Mastotermitidae , Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae , Termopsidae , Rhinotermitidae, and Serritermitidae) and from the wood-feeding Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae). Sociobiology, 4 :3-117. Yamin , M. A. ~ 979b. Scanning electron microscopy of some symbiotic flagellates from the termite Zootermopsis. Trans. Am. Micros c. Soc., 9 8 : 2 7 6 - 279 . Zeliff, C. C. 1930. A cytological study of Oxymonas, a flagellate, including description of new species . Am . J. Hyg. , 11 :714-739 .
Type species
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Raw text
The trophic form has one karyomastigont and is organized like an Oxymonas with 4 flagella , 1 Clev anterior nucleus , a large axostyle protruding posteriorly , a rostellum containing a recurvent bundle of fibers (Fig . 14A) . At the molting period of the termite , the flagellate detaches from the stine wall and undergoes a series of sformations comprising the multiplication of ella (Fig . 148) and an encystment phase where flagella regress . The only species , S. ikiensis, a symbiont of Glyptotermes boukoko a complex life cycle is incompletely known sse, 1952) . dgood , R. A. , Miller K. R., Fitzharris , T. P., Mcintosh , J. R. 1974. The ultrastructure of Pyrsonympha and its associated microorganisms . J . Morpho/., 143:77-106 . erolle, G. 1970. Sur !'ultrastructure et Ia positi on systematique de Pyrsonympha vertens (Zooflagellata Pyrsonymphina) . C. R. Acad. Sc., Paris, 270:3474-3478 . erolle , G. 1980. Etude ultrastructurale du flag ell e parasite Po/ymastix melolonthae (Oxymonadid a) . Protistologica , 17:139-145 . erolle , G. 1991 . Flagellar and cytosk eletal systems in amitochondrial flag ell ates : Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala. Protoplasma, 164:70-90 . erolle , G. & Konig , H. 1997. Ultrastructure and organization of the cytoskel eton in Oxymon as, an intestinal flagellate of termites. J. Euk. Microbial., 44 :305 - 313 . erolle , G. & Joyon , L. 1973. Ultrastructure du genre Monocercomonoides (Travis). Zooflagellata, Oxymonadida. Protistologica, 9: 1-80 . eland , L. R. 1938. Mitosis in Py rsonympha . A rc h . Protistenkd., 91 :452 - 455 . eland , L. R. 1950a. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. II. Gametogenesis, fertilization , and one-division me1os1s in Saccinobacu/us. J. Morpho/., 86 :215-228 . veland , L. R. 1950b. Hormone-induced sexu al cycles of flagellates . IV. Meiosis after syng amy and before fusion in Notila. J. Morpho/., 87 :31 7-348. veland , L. R. 1950c. Hormone-induced sexu al cycles of flagellates . II . Gametogenesis , fe rtilization , and one-division meiosis in Oxymonas. J. Morph ., 86 :185-214 . eland, L. R. 1966. Nuclear division without cytokinesis followed by fusion of pronuclei in Paranotila lata gen. et sp. nov. J. Proto zoal. , 13 :132-136 . eland , L. R., Hall , S. R., Sanders , E. P. & Coll ie r, J . 1934. The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus , its protozoa and the symbios is betweeen protozoa and roach . Mem . Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 17:155 -342 . OXYMONADIDA Cochrane, M. , Smith, H. E., Buhse, Jr., H. E. & Scammell , J. G. 1979. Structure of the attached stage of Pyrsonympha in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar. Protisto/ogica, 15 :259-270 . Connell, F. H. 1930. The morphology and life-cycle of Oxymonas dimorpha sp. nov., from Neotermes simplicicornis (Banks). Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 36:51-66 . Cross, J . B. 1946. The flagellate subfamily Oxymonadidae. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 53:67-162 . Grasse , P. P. 1952. Famille des Polymastigidae, Ordre des Pyrsonymphines, Ordre des Oxymonadines . In: Grasse P.- P. (ed.), Traite de Zoologie, Vol. I. Masson et Cie, Paris. pp 780-823 Hollande , A. & Carruette-Valentin, J. 1970a. La lignee des Pyrsonymphines et les caracteres infrastructuraux communs aux autres genres Opisthomitus, Oxymonas, Saccinobaculus, Pyrsonympha et Streblomastix. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris , 0, 270 :1587-1590. Hollande , A . & Carruette-Valentin, J. 197Gb. Appariement chromosomique et complexes synaptonematiques dans les noyaux de depolyplo"ldisation chez Pyrsonympha flagellata : le cycle evolutif des Pyrsonymphines symbiotiques de Reticulitermes lucifugus. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 0, 270 :2250-2255 . Kidder, G. W. 1929. Streblomastix strix, morphology and mitosis. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 33 :109-124. Kirby , H. 1929. A species of Proboscidiella from Kalotermes (Cryptotermes) dudlei Banks, a termite of Central America, with remarks on the oxymonad flagellates. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 72 :355-386. Kirby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1949. Flagellates of the caecum of ground squirrels . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 53 :315-366 . Kofoid , C. A. & Swezy, 0. 1919. Studies on the parasites of the termites. I. On Streblomastix strix , a polymastigote flagellate with a linear plasmodial phase. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20:1-20. Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1926. On Oxymonas, a flagellate with an extensile and retractile proboscis from Kalotermes from British Guiana Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 28 :285-300. Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1926. On Proboscidie/la multinucleata gen. nov., from Planocryptotermes nocens from the Phillipine ·islands, a multinucleate flagellate with a remarkable organ of attachment. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 28:301-316. Koidzumi, M. 1921 . Studies on the intestinal Protozoa found in the termites of Japan. Parasitology, 13 :235-309 . Kulda, J . & Nohynkova, E. 1978. Flagellates of the human intestine and of the intestine of other species . In: Kreier J. P. (ed.), Parasitic Protozoa . Vol. II. Academic Press New York . pp 2-138 Lavette, A. 1973. Sur !'ultrastructure et les affinites systematiques de Microrhopalodina inflata , flagelle symbiotique du termite a cou jaune Calotermes flavicol/is . C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 0 , 276 : 1307 - 1311 . Mcintosh, R., Ogata, E. S. & Landis, S. C. 1973 . The axostyle of Saccinobacu/us. I. Structure of the organism and its microtubule bundle . J. Cell Bioi., 56 :304-323 . Nie, D. 1950. Morphology and taxonomy of the intestinal Protozoa of the guinea-pig , Cavia parcel/a. J. Morpho/., 86:381-493. Powells , W. N. 1928 . On the morphology of Pyrsonympha with a description of 3 new species from Reticulitermes hesperus Banks . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/. , 31:179-200 . Radek, R. 1994. Monocercomonoides termitis n. sp ., an oxymonad from lower termite Kalotermes sinaicus. Arch. Protistenkd., 144:373-382 . Rother, A., Radek R. & Hausmann , K. 1999 . Characterization of surface structures covering termite flagellates of the Family Oxymonadidae and ultrastructure of two oxymonad species , Microrhopalodina multinuc/eata and Oxymonas sp . Europ . J. Protista!., 35:1-16 . Srr.ith, H. S. & Arnot, H. J . 1973. Scales associated with the external surface of Pyrsonympha vertens. Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc. USA , 92 :670 -677. Travis, B. W. 1931-32 . A discussion of synonymy in the nomenclature of certain insect flagellates, with the description of a new flagellate from the larvae of Lygirodes relictus Say (Coleoptera-Scarabeidae) . Iowa State College J. Sc., VI : 317-323 . Vickerman, K. 1982. Mastigophora. In : Parker S. P. (ed .), Synopsis and classification of Living Organisms. Vol. I. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. pp 496-508 Yamin , M. A. 1979a. Flagellates of the orders Trichomonadida Kirby , Oxymonadida Grasse, and Hypermastigida Grassi and Foa reported from I ower termites (lsoptera families Mastotermitidae , Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae , Termopsidae , Rhinotermitidae, and Serritermitidae) and from the wood-feeding Cryptocercus (Dictyoptera : Cryptocercidae). Sociobiology, 4 :3-117. Yamin , M. A. ~ 979b. Scanning electron microscopy of some symbiotic flagellates from the termite Zootermopsis. Trans. Am. Micros c. Soc., 9 8 : 2 7 6 - 279 . Zeliff, C. C. 1930. A cytological study of Oxymonas, a flagellate, including description of new species . Am . J. Hyg. , 11 :714-739 .