Description
Honda, Kawachi & Inouye, 1995 Single-celled , naked , free-swimming flagellates ; with 2 unequal flagella emerging from anterior end of cell; longer flagellum extending anteriorly , bearing tripartite tubular flagellar hairs (without lateral filament s) ; sho rt er flagellum naked , extending posteriorly , lying in a vertical furrow (sulcus) that runs from base of short flagellum to posterior end of ce ll ; with a flagellar swelling near base of short flagellum; transitional helix below the flagellar transition plate; basal bodies situated in anterior depression of the nucleus, rhizoplast absent; two chloroplasts, discoid and yellow-brown , each with a single projecting pyrenoid at central part of chloroplast; eyespot lacking ; nucleus anterior in ce ll , slightly depressed at anterior end ; cells mixotrophic , with large food vacuole at posterior end of cell ; asexual reproduction by longitudinal division; sexual AE reproduction and cysts unknown ; marine , monospecific genus. See Honda et al. , 1995. spherical to ovoid, 6.0-8.0 x 3.5-5.5 J.lm ; anterior flagellum 12-20 J.lm long , posterior flagellum 4-6 J.lm long. There are no other described genera that we can place in the Pelagophyceae. Chrysophaeum Lewis & Bryan, 1941 (type species : Chrysophaeum taylori Lewis & Bryan, 1941) has been list ed under the Sarcinochrysidal es by Lobban et al. ( 1 995), but from the incomplete data known to date, it is not clear whether it is really related to this group. Also , there are two undescribed organisms that belong in the class based upon phylogenetic analyses of gene sequences: culture isolates CCMP1395 and CCMP141 0 from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (Andersen et al., 1 9 9 7) (see Daugbjerg & Andersen , 1997; Potter et al ., 1997), Saunders et al. , 1997) . Andersen , R. A. , Saunders, G. W., Paskind , M. P. & Sexton, J. P. 1993. Ultrastructure and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Pelagomonas calceolata gen . et sp. nov. and the description of a new algal class , the Pelagophyceae class is nov. J. Phycol., 29 :701-715. Andersen, R. A., Bidigare, R. R., Keller, M. D. & Latasa, M. 1996. A comparison of HPLC pigment signatures and electron microscopic observations for oligotrophic waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Deep -Sea Res ., II, 43 :517-537. Andersen , R. A., Morton , S. L. & Sexton , J. P. 1 997 . CCMP-Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton-List of Strains. J. Phycol. , 33 (Supp1.):1-75 . Andersen , R. A. , Potter, D., Bidigare , R. R. , Latasa , M., Rowan , K. & O'Kelly , C. J . 1998 . Characterization and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic golden alga Phaeothamnion confervico la: Ultrastructure , pigment composition and partial SSU rONA sequence. J. Phycol. , 34:286-298 . Anderson , D. M. , Kulis , D. M. & Cosper, E. M. 1989 . Immunofluorescent detection of the brown tid e organism, Aureococcus anophagefferens. In : Cosper, E. M. , Bricelj, V. M. & Carpenter, E. J. (Eds.), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms, Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and other PELAGOPHYCEAE Unusual Blooms . Sprin ge r-Verl ag, Berlin. pp 2 1 3-28 Bail ey , J. C. & An de rse n, R. A. 1999. An alysi s o f clona l cultures of th e brow n tid e algae Aureococcus and Aureo umbra (Pelago ph yceae) using 18S rRNA , rbcL and RUBISCO spa ce r seq uences . J. Phyco l., 35:5 70 -574. Bai ley , J. C., Bi diga re , R. R., Chri stense n, S. J. & An derse n, R. A. 1998. Ph aeoth amniophyceae classi s nova : a new lin eage of chro mo ph ytes based upon photosy nth et ic pigments, rb cL sequence analys is and ult rast ruc tu re . Pro tist , 149:245-263 . Bi digare, R. R. 1989 . Ph otosy nth eti c pigm ent composition of the brow n-tid e alga : unique chlorophyl l and ca rotenoid deriv ativ es. In : Cospe r, E. M., Bri ce lj, V. M. & Carp ent er, E. J . (eds .), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Bro wn Tides and Oth er Unusual Blooms. Sprin ge r-Verl ag , Berlin . pp 5 7 - Bil lard , C. 1984. Recherches sur les Chryso ph yc eae marines de l'o rdr e des Sa rcin oc hrys id a les. Bi ologie , systemati que, phyloge ni e. Ph.D . the s is , I'Universi te de Cae n. 224 pp Bill ard, C. 1988 . Les Sa rcin oc hrys id ales des cot es frany aises . Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm andie, 1 1 0- 111 :6 1- 69 . Bill ard, C. & Fres nel, J . 198 0 . Nouvell es ob servations sur le Pulvin aria feldmannii (Bou rre ll y et Mag ne) comb . nov. (Chryso ph ycee , Sa rcinoc hrysida le) fo rm ant une ce inture sur substra t meuble . Cryp toga mie: Algologie , 1 :28 1- 292 . Bill ard , C., Dauguet, J. -C. , Maum e, D. & Bert , M . 1990 . Sterols and chemotaxo nomy of marin e Chrysophyceae . Bot. Mar., 33:225-228. Bj 0 rnl and , T. & Li aae n-Jense n, S. 19 8 9 . Di strib ution patte rn s of caro tenoid s in relation to chromop hyte phyloge ny and systemati cs . In : Gree n J. C ., Leadbeate r, B. S. C. & Di ve r, W. L. (eds .) , The Chromophyte Algae, Problems and Perspec tives . Sys tematics Assoc iati on Spec ial Volume No. 38 , Cl are ndon Press , Oxford . pp 3 7- Boddi , S., Bigazzi , M. & Sa rt oni , G. 199 9. Ult ras truct ure of vege tati ve and motil e ce ll s and zoospo roge nes is in Chrys onephos le wis i (Taylor) Tay lor (Sa rcin oc hrys id ales , Pelago phyceae) in relation to taxo nomy. Eur. J. Ph yco l., 3 4 : 2 9 7- 306 . Bou rrelly , P. 1957 . Rec herches sur les Chrysoph yce es . Rev. Algo l. Mem. H ors -Se r. , 1 : 1- 4 12 . Bourrell y, P. & Magne , F. 1953 . Deux nouve ll es especes de Chrysop hycees marines. Rev. gen. Bot ., 60 :684-687. Boye r, G . L., Szmyr, D. B. & Al exa nder, J . A. 1998 . Iron and nit ro gen nut riti on in th e brow n ti de organ ism Aureococcus anophage fferens. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish . Aquat. Sci., 226 1:11-1 3. Bri ce lj, V. M. & Lonsdale, D. J. 1997. Aureococc us anophagefferens : ca uses and eco log ica l co nseq uence s of brown tid es in U. S. mid-Atl a nti c coas tal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 4 2 :1 0 23- 10 38 . Bu skey , E. J ., Wysor , B. & Hyatt , C. 1998 . The role of hype rs ali nity in th e pe rsistence of the T exas 'brow n tid e' in th e Lag una Madre. J. Plankton R e s ., 20 :1553 -1 565. Bu skey , E. J ., Montag na, P. A ., Am os, A F. & Witl edge , T. E. 199 7 . Di sru ption of g raze r pop ul ati ons as a contributing factor to th e initi ati on of th e Texas brown tid e algal bl oom . Limn ol. Ocea nog r., 42: 12 15-1 222 . Cavali er-Smith , T ., Ch ao, E. E. & All sopp , M. T. E. P. 1995 . Ribosomal RNA evid ence for c hl o rop last loss w ith in Hete rokonta: ped in ellid rela ti o nsh ips and a rev ised class ificati o n of oc hri stan algae . Arch. Protis tenkd., 145 :209-22 0 . Chadefaud , M. 1947 . Une nouve lle Ch rysophy ee marin e fil amen teuse: Nematochrysops is roscoffensis n. g. n. sp. Bull. Soc. Bot. France ., 94:239-2 4 3. Co spe r, E. M., Garry , R. T ., Millig an, A. J . & Doa ll , M. H. 1993. Iron, se lenium and citri c acid a re c rit ical to the growth of th e "brown t ide " mi c roa lga , Aureococcus anophage fferens. In : Smayda , T . J. & Shimi zu, Y. (e ds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in th e Sea. El sev ie r, Am sterda m. pp 667-673 Cosper, E. M., Denni so n, W ., Millig an, A. , C a rp en ter , E. J., Lee, C. , Holza pfel, J . & Mil anese , L. 1 989 . An exa minat ion of th e environm ental factors importa nt to initi atin g and sustainin g " br ow n ti de " bloo ms. In Cospe r, E. M. , Bri ce lj , V. M. & Carpenter, E. J . (eds .) , Novel Phy toplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and Other Unusual Alga l Blooms. Sprin ge r- Verl ag , Berlin . pp 3 17-340 Cospe r, E. M., Denn ison, W ., Carpe nter, E. J., Bri ce lj, V. M., Mitchell , J . G ., Ku enstn er, S. H., Co lfles h, D. & Dewey , M. 1987 . Rec urrent and pe rs ist e nt brow n tide bloo ms pe rturb coas tal mar in e ecosystems.. Estua ries, 10:28 7-290 Daugbjerg, N. & An de rse n, R. A. 1997. A molecular phyloge ny of th e hetero kont algae based on analyses of chl o rop last-e ncoded rb cL seq uence data. J. Phyco l., 33 :103 1- 1041 . DeYoe , H. R. & Suttl e, C. A. 1994. The inabi li ty of th e Texas "brow n tide " alga to use nitrate and th e role of nitrogen in th e initiati on of a pe rs iste nt bloom of thi s organi sm. J. Phyco l., 30: 80 0-806 . DeYoe , H. R. , Chan , A. M. & Suttle, C. A. 1995 . Phylog eny of Aureococcus anophagefferens and a morphologically similar bloom-forming alga from Texas as determined by 18S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis . J. Phycol., 31:413-418. DeYoe, H. R., Stockwel l, D. A. , Bidigare , R. R. , Latasa, M. , Johnson, P. W., Hargraves, P. E. & Suttle , C. A. 1997. Description and characterization of th e algal species Aureoumbra /agunensis gen. et sp. nov. and referral of Aureoumbra and Aureococcus to the Pelagophyceae . J. Phycol., 33:1042-1048. Feldmann , J. 1941. Une nouvell e Xanthophycee marin e: Tribonema marinum nov. sp. Bull. Soc . Hi st. Nat. Afrique Nord , 32:56-61. Garry , R. T., Hearing , P. & Cosper, E. M. 1998 . Characterization of a lyti c virus infectious to the bloom-forming microalga Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae). J. Phycol. , 34:616-621. Gastri ch, M. D., Anderson , 0. R. , Benm ayor, S. S. & Cosper, E. M. 1998. Ultrastru ctural analysis of viral infection in th e brown-tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelago phyceae). Phycologia , 37:300-306. Gayral , P. & Billard, C. 1977. Synopsis du nouvel ordre des Sarcinochrysidales (Chrysophyceae). Taxon , 26:24 1-245 . Gayral, P. & Lepailleur, H. 1971. Etude de deux Chrysophycee s filamenteuses: Nematochrysopsis roscoffensis Chadefaud , Nematochrysis hieroglyphica Waern. Rev. Gen. Bot. , 78:61-74 Geitler, L. 1930. Ein grunes Filarplasmodium und andere neue Protisten. Arch . Protistenkd. , 69 : 615-636. Giner, J. -L. & Boyer, G. L. 1998. Sterols of the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens. Phytochemistry, 48:475-477 . Giner, J.-L . & Djerassi , C. 1991 . Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids. 31 . Evid ence for a protonated cyclopropyl intermediate in the biosynthesis of 24-prop ylide nec hol esterol. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113:1386-1393 . Gobler, C. J. & Cosper, E. M. 1996 . Stimulation of "b rown tide " blooms by iron . In: Yasumoto, T. , Oshima, Y. & Fukuyo , Y. (eds.) , Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms. IOC UNESCO , Paris. pp 32 1-324 Gobler, C. J ., Hutchins , D. A., Fisher, N. S. , Cosper , E. M. & Safiudo-Wilhelmy , S. A. 1997 . Release and bioavailability of C, N, P, Se and Fe following viral ly sis of a marin e chry sop hyte . Limnol. Oc ea nogr., 42:1492-1504. Heimann , K. , Andersen , R. A. & Weth erbee, R. 1995 . The flagellar developm ent cycle of the uniflagellate Pelagomonas calceolata (Pelagophyceae). J. Phycol., 31 :577-583. EAE Hibberd , D. J. & Chreti ennot-Dinet, M.-J. 1979. The ultrastructure and taxonomy of Rhizochromulina marina gen. et sp. nov. , an amoeboid marine chrysophyte . J. Mar. Bioi. Assoc. U.K. , 59:179- 193. Hoffmann , L., Billard , C., Janssens, M., Leruth , M. & Demo ulin , V. 2000 . Mass development of marine benthic Sarcinochry sidales (Chrysophyceae s. I. ) in Corsica. Botanica Marina , 43:223-231. Honda , D. 1995. The taxonomy and phylogeny of th e marine Chrysophyceae with special referen ce to the Sarcinochrysidales . Ph .D. Thesis , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan . 84 pp + tables and figures. Honda, D. & Inouye , I. 1995. Ultrastructure and reconstruction of the flag ellar apparatus a rchitecture in Ankylochrysis lutea (Chrysop hyceae , Sarcinoch rysidales ). Phycologia , 34 :215-227. Honda, D., Kawachi , M. & Inouye , I. 1995 . Sulcochrysis biplastida gen. et sp . nov.: ce ll structure and absolute configuration of th e , flagellar apparatus of an enigmatic chromophyte alga. Phycol. Res. , 43:1-16. Jeffrey , S. W. 1989. Chlorophyll c pigments and their distribution in the chromophyte algae . In: Green, J. C. , Leadbeater, B. S. C. & Diver, W. L. (eds) , The Chromophyte Algae, Problems and Perspectives. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 38 , Clarendon Press , Oxford. pp 1 3- LaRoche, J ., Nuzzi , R., Waters , R., Wyman , K ., Falkowski , P. G. & Wallace, D. W. R. 1997 . Brown tide blooms in Long Island 's coastal waters linked to interannual variability in groundwater flow. Global Change Biology, 3:397-410. Lewi n, J., Norris , R. E., Jeffrey, S. W. & Pearson , B. E. 1977. An aberrant chrysop hycean alga Pelagococcus subviridis gen. et sp . nov. from th e North Pacific Ocean . J. Phycol., 13:259-266. Lewis, I. F. & Bryan , H. F. 1941 . A new protophyt e from the Dry Tortugas. Amer. J. Bot. , 28 : 343- 348. Lobban , C. S., Honda, D. , Chihara, M. & Schett er, M . 1995. Chrysocystis tragi/is gen . nov. , sp. nov . (Chrysop hyceae, Sarcinochrysidales) , with notes on other macroscopic Chrysophytes (golden algae) on Guam reefs. Micronesica , 28 :91-102. Lomas , M. W., Glibert, P. M., Berg , G. M. & Burford , M. 1996. Ch aracterization of nitrogen uptake by natural populations of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Chrysophyceae) as a function of incubation duration , substrate co ncentrati o n, light , and temperature . J. Phycol., 32:907 -916. Lop ez -Barreiro, T. , Villareal , T. A. & Morton , S. L. 1998. Developm ent of an antibody against th e Texas brown tide (Aureoumbra /agunensis) . In : PELAGOPHY Reguera , B. , Bl anco, J ., Fern andez, M. L., & Wyat t, T . (eds.), Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galic ia and Intergovern mental Ocea nog rap hic Commi ss ion of UNESCO, Pari s. pp 263-265 Milli gan, A. J . & Cosper , E. M. 1997. Growth and photosy nthesis of the 'brow n tid e' mi c roa lga Aureococcus anophagefferens in s ubsaturating co nstant and flu ctu ating irr ad ia nce. Mar. Eco/. Prog. Ser., 153: 67-75 . Potte r, D., LaJe unesse , T. C., Sa un de rs, G. W. & An dersen , R. A. 1997. Co nve rgent evo luti o n masks extensive biod ive rsi ty among marin e cocco id picopla nkto n. Biodive rsity an Conservation , 6:99- 107 . Reinhard, L. 1885. Rec herches algolog iques . I. Ma ter iaux sur Ia morp holog ie et Ia sys tematiqu e des algues de Ia Mer Noire. Zapi s Novo rossi jskago Obshc hestva Es tes tvo is pyt a te lij , Odessa. (Me moires de Ia Societe des Natura li stes de Ia Nouvel le Ru ssie) , 9(2) :201- 502 . Sartoni, G. , Bodd i, S. & Hass , J . 19 95 Chrysonephos lewisii (Sarc inoc hrys ida les, Chrysop hyceae), a new reco rd for th Med iterranean algal flo ra . Bot. Mar., 3 8: 1 21 1 25 . Saunders , G. W ., Pott er, D., Pas kin d , M. P. & Ande rse n, R. A. 1995. Clad isti c analyses of co mbin ed tradi ti o nal and molec ul ar data se ts reveal an algal lineage . Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci. US A , 92:244 -248. Saun ders , G . W., Potter, D. & An de rse n, R. A. 199 7. Ph ylogenetic affi nities of th e Sarc in oc hrysi da les and Chryso merida les (Heterokonta) based on analyses of molec ula r and co mbi ned data. Phycol ., 33:3 10-3 18 . Sieb urth, J . MeN ., Johnson, P. W. & Hargraves , P. E. 1988 . Ultrastructure and eco logy of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (C hrysop hyceae ): the dominant picop lankton durin g a bloo m in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island , summ er 19 85 . J. Phycol., 24 :416-425 . Stockwell , D. A. , Bu skey , E. J. & Whitl edge , T . E. 1993 . Studies on co nditions cond ucive to th e development and mai ntenance of a p ersis te nt "brow n tide " in Lag una Mad re, Texas. Smayda , T . J . & Shimi zu, Y. (eds.), Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in th e Sea. Els ev ie Sc ience Publi shers , Am sterdam . pp 693 -698 Street, G . T ., Montag na, P. A. & Park er, P. L. 1997. Incorporation of brow n tide into an estu arine food web . Mar. Eco/. Prog. Ser., 152:67 -78. Tay lor , W. R. 1951. Stru cture and reproduc tio n o f Chrysophaeum lew isii. Hydrobio logia, 3 :1 2 2- 130 . Tay lor, W. R. 1952 . Th e algal genus Chrysop hae um. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 79:79. van de r Veer, J . 1970 . Anky lon oton luteum (Chryso ph yta), a new spec ies fro m th e Ta mar Estu ary , Corn wa ll. Acta Bot. Ne erl., 1 9:6 16 - 636 . Ves k, M. & Jeffrey, S. W . 1987. Ultrastru ctur e and pig ments of two strain s of th e pi co pl anktonic alga Pe/agococcus sub viridis (Chrysophyceae). J. Ph yc ol. , 23 :32 2-336. Vill area l, T . A. , Mansfield , A. & Bu skey, E. J . 1998 . Growth and ch emi ca l co mpos ition of th e T exas brow n tide- fo rmin g pelago phyte Aureoum bra lagunensis. In : Reg uera, B., Bl anco , J ., d Fern andez, M. L. & W ya tt , T . (e ds.) , Harmful Algae. Xunta de Gali cia and Inte rg ove rnm enta l Oceanographic Commi ss ion of UNESCO, Paris . pp 359-3 6 2 ki Ye ntsc h, C . S., Phinn ey , D. A. & Sh apiro , L. P. 1989 . Absorption and flu oresce nt c ha racteri sti cs of th e brow n ti de chry so ph yte. Its role on li g ht red uctio n in coas tal marin e environm ents. In : . Cospe r, E. M., Bri ce lj, V. M. & Carpenter, E. J . (eds .), No vel Phytoplankton Blooms, Causes and e Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and o th er - Unusual Blooms. Sprin ge r-Verl ag, Berlin . pp 7 7 - J. In r
Type species
Sulcochrysis biplastida Honda, Kawachi & Inouye 1995 (Fig. 11 ). Cells
Figures
Raw text
Honda, Kawachi & Inouye, 1995 Single-celled , naked , free-swimming flagellates ; with 2 unequal flagella emerging from anterior end of cell; longer flagellum extending anteriorly , bearing tripartite tubular flagellar hairs (without lateral filament s) ; sho rt er flagellum naked , extending posteriorly , lying in a vertical furrow (sulcus) that runs from base of short flagellum to posterior end of ce ll ; with a flagellar swelling near base of short flagellum; transitional helix below the flagellar transition plate; basal bodies situated in anterior depression of the nucleus, rhizoplast absent; two chloroplasts, discoid and yellow-brown , each with a single projecting pyrenoid at central part of chloroplast; eyespot lacking ; nucleus anterior in ce ll , slightly depressed at anterior end ; cells mixotrophic , with large food vacuole at posterior end of cell ; asexual reproduction by longitudinal division; sexual AE reproduction and cysts unknown ; marine , monospecific genus. See Honda et al. , 1995. spherical to ovoid, 6.0-8.0 x 3.5-5.5 J.lm ; anterior flagellum 12-20 J.lm long , posterior flagellum 4-6 J.lm long. There are no other described genera that we can place in the Pelagophyceae. Chrysophaeum Lewis & Bryan, 1941 (type species : Chrysophaeum taylori Lewis & Bryan, 1941) has been list ed under the Sarcinochrysidal es by Lobban et al. ( 1 995), but from the incomplete data known to date, it is not clear whether it is really related to this group. Also , there are two undescribed organisms that belong in the class based upon phylogenetic analyses of gene sequences: culture isolates CCMP1395 and CCMP141 0 from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (Andersen et al., 1 9 9 7) (see Daugbjerg & Andersen , 1997; Potter et al ., 1997), Saunders et al. , 1997) . Andersen , R. A. , Saunders, G. W., Paskind , M. P. & Sexton, J. P. 1993. Ultrastructure and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Pelagomonas calceolata gen . et sp. nov. and the description of a new algal class , the Pelagophyceae class is nov. J. Phycol., 29 :701-715. Andersen, R. A., Bidigare, R. R., Keller, M. D. & Latasa, M. 1996. A comparison of HPLC pigment signatures and electron microscopic observations for oligotrophic waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Deep -Sea Res ., II, 43 :517-537. Andersen , R. A., Morton , S. L. & Sexton , J. P. 1 997 . CCMP-Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton-List of Strains. J. Phycol. , 33 (Supp1.):1-75 . Andersen , R. A. , Potter, D., Bidigare , R. R. , Latasa , M., Rowan , K. & O'Kelly , C. J . 1998 . Characterization and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic golden alga Phaeothamnion confervico la: Ultrastructure , pigment composition and partial SSU rONA sequence. J. Phycol. , 34:286-298 . Anderson , D. M. , Kulis , D. M. & Cosper, E. M. 1989 . Immunofluorescent detection of the brown tid e organism, Aureococcus anophagefferens. In : Cosper, E. M. , Bricelj, V. M. & Carpenter, E. J. (Eds.), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms, Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Brown Tides and other PELAGOPHYCEAE Unusual Blooms . Sprin ge r-Verl ag, Berlin. pp 2 1 3-28 Bail ey , J. C. & An de rse n, R. A. 1999. An alysi s o f clona l cultures of th e brow n tid e algae Aureococcus and Aureo umbra (Pelago ph yceae) using 18S rRNA , rbcL and RUBISCO spa ce r seq uences . J. Phyco l., 35:5 70 -574. Bai ley , J. C., Bi diga re , R. R., Chri stense n, S. J. & An derse n, R. A. 1998. Ph aeoth amniophyceae classi s nova : a new lin eage of chro mo ph ytes based upon photosy nth et ic pigments, rb cL sequence analys is and ult rast ruc tu re . Pro tist , 149:245-263 . Bi digare, R. R. 1989 . Ph otosy nth eti c pigm ent composition of the brow n-tid e alga : unique chlorophyl l and ca rotenoid deriv ativ es. In : Cospe r, E. M., Bri ce lj, V. M. & Carp ent er, E. J . (eds .), Novel Phytoplankton Blooms: Causes and Impacts of Recurrent Bro wn Tides and Oth er Unusual Blooms. Sprin ge r-Verl ag , Berlin . pp 5 7 - Bil lard , C. 1984. Recherches sur les Chryso ph yc eae marines de l'o rdr e des Sa rcin oc hrys id a les. Bi ologie , systemati que, phyloge ni e. Ph.D . the s is , I'Universi te de Cae n. 224 pp Bill ard, C. 1988 . Les Sa rcin oc hrys id ales des cot es frany aises . Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm andie, 1 1 0- 111 :6 1- 69 . Bill ard, C. & Fres nel, J . 198 0 . Nouvell es ob servations sur le Pulvin aria feldmannii (Bou rre ll y et Mag ne) comb . nov. (Chryso ph ycee , Sa rcinoc hrysida le) fo rm ant une ce inture sur substra t meuble . Cryp toga mie: Algologie , 1 :28 1- 292 . Bill ard , C., Dauguet, J. -C. , Maum e, D. & Bert , M . 1990 . Sterols and chemotaxo nomy of marin e Chrysophyceae . Bot. Mar., 33:225-228. Bj 0 rnl and , T. & Li aae n-Jense n, S. 19 8 9 . 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