Description
Cell shape variable both between and within species, from almost spherical to oblong- cylindrical ; cell dimensions also variable ; flagella approximately the same length as the cell; many chloroplasts , not restricted to a single layer; spherical mucocysts occur at cell periphery . See Spencer (1971 ), Heywood (1977 , 1978a,b). 18-25 ~m ; var . minuta only 19-23 x 17-19 ~m (Fott, 1970); cell shapes vary in sing le natural collection (Spencer, 1971) or in single laboratory culture; spherical mucocysts occur near cell periphery and are involved in formation of palmelloid stages; species maintained in culture (Guillard and Lorenzen , 1972 ; Heywood , 1990) and several ultrastructural investigations made (Schnepf and Koch , 1966; Mignot , 1967; Heywood , 1977, 1978a,b) ; some aspects of chloroplast biochemistry also studied (Guillard and Lo renzen, 1972); occurs in ponds, bogs , and lakes usually rich in vegetation (Poisson and Hollande , 1943 ; Graffius, 1966; Spencer, 1971) and usually of pH 4.0-6.5, but also reported from slightly alkaline environments (Graffius, 1966); related species, V. viridis , pear-shaped with broad cell anterior (Fott, 1968 , 1970) though Spencer (1971) thinks this is synonymous with V . virescens ; Fott (1968 , 1970) described. V. penardii , a species in which chloroplasts are absent from the cytoplasm immediately below the cell membrane . section showing many chloroplasts in cell periphery , not in a single layer ; nucleus (N) with nucleolus (Nu) lies in anterior half of cell surrounded by characteristic zone of cytoplasm including mitochondria (M) and Golgi bodies (G); Golgi vesicles (V) empty into the contractile vacuole . x30 00 . (from Heywood [1977) by permission of J. Phyco l.) Biecheler, B. 1936. Sur une chloromonadine nouvelle d'eau saumi.'ttre Chattonella subsalsa n. gen ., n. sp. Arch. Zoo/. Exp. Gen ., 78 :79 - 83 . Gronberg, G ., Lindmark , G. & Bjork, S. 1988 . Mass development of the flagellate Gonostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes-an effect of acidification? Hydrobiologia , 161 :217-236. Fiksdahl , A. , Withers , N., Guillard , R. R. L. & Liaaen-Jensen , S. 1984. Carotenoids of th e 750 RAPHIDOMONADIDA Raphidophyceae-A chemosystematic contribu- tion . Camp. Biochem. Physio/., 78B :265-271 . Fott, B. 1968. VIII. Klasse: Chloromonado- phyceae In : Huber-Pestalozzi , G. G. (ed.), Das Phytoplankton des Susswassers. 2nd ed . Stuttgart, 3:79-93 . Fott, B. 1970. Taxonomische Ubertragungen und Namensi:i.nderungen unter den Algen. ///. Ch/oromonadophyceae. Pres/ia, 42 :16-20 . Fukuyo , Y., Takano , H. , Chihara , M. & Matsuoka, K. 1990. Red Tide Organisms in Japan-An Illustrated Taxonomic Guide. Uchida Rokakuho. pp 332-349 Graffius, J. H. 1966. Additions to our knowledge of Michigan Pyrrhophyta and Chloromonad- ophyta. Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc., 85:2 6 0- 270 . Guillard , R. R. L. & Lorenzen, C. J. 1972. Yellow- green algae with chlorophyllilde c. J . Phycol. , 8:10-14. Hara , Y. & Chiha ra, M. 1985 . Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Fibrocapsa japonica (Class Raphidophyceae) . Arch Protistenkd ., 130:133 - 141 . Hara , Y. & Chihara , M. 1987 . Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga Heterosigma akashiwo. Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 100:151-163 . Hara, Y., Inouye , I. & Chihara, M. 1985. Morphology and ultrastructure of 0/isthodiscus luteus (Raphidophyceae) with special reference to the taxonomy. Bot. Mag . Tokyo, 98 :251-262. Heywood, P. 1977. Chloroplast structure in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuo/aria viresce ns. J. Phyco l., 13:68-72 . Heywood, P. 1978a. Ultrastructure of mitosis in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuo/aria viresce ns . J. Cell Sci., 31:37-51. Heywood, P. 1978b. Osmoregulation in the alga Vacuo/aria virescens . Structure of the cont ractile vacuole and the nature of its association with the Golgi apparatus . J. Cell Sci., 31:213-224. Heywood, P. 1980. Chloromonads . In: Cox, E. R. (ed .), Phytoflagellates. Elsevier/ North Holland , New York . pp 351 -379 Hey wood , P. 1990 . Raphidoph yceae . In : Margulis, L. , Corliss, J. 0 ., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D. J . (eds.), Handbook of Protoctists. Jones & Bartlett Publishers , Boston, Massachusetts . pp 318-325 Heywood, P. & Leedale, G. F. 1985 . Raphidomonadida. In: Lee , J. J., Hutner, S. H., & Bovee, E. C. (eds.) , Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa . Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp 70-74 Hiroishi, S., Uchida, A., Nagasaki, J. & Ishida, Y. 1988 . A new method for identification of inter- and intra-species of the red tide algae Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) by means of monoclonal antibodies . J. Phyco/. , 24:442-444 . Hoek , C ., van den 1978 . A/gen . Thieme, Stuttgart. Hovasse, R. 1945 . Contribution a l'etude des Chloromonadines: Gonyostomum semen Diesing . Arch. Zoo/. Exp. Gen ., 84:239-269. Meksumpun, S., Montani, S. & Uematsu, M. 1994. Elemental components of cyst walls of three marine phytoflagellates, Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) , Alexandrium catenella and Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae) . Phycologia, 33:275-280. Mignot, J . P. 1967. Structure et ultrastructure de quelques Chloromonadines . Protistologica 3:5 - 23. Mignot, J. P. 1976 . Complements al'etude de Chloromonadines. Ultrastructure de Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler flagelle d'eau saumatre. Protistologica , 12 :279-93. Nagasaki , K., Ando , M., ltakura , S., lmai, I. & Ishida, Y. 1994. Viral mortality in the final state of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphido- phyceae) red tide. J. Plank. Res., 1 6: 1 59 5- 1599 . Nakamura, Y. & Umemori , T. 1991 . Encystment of the red tide flagellate Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) : cyst yield in batch cultures and cyst flux in the field . Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. , 78 :273-284 . Nakamura, Y., Yamzaki, Y. & Hiromi, J. 1992 . Growth and grazing of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate , Gyrodinium dominans , feeding on a red tide flagellate, Chattonella antiqua. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 82 :275-279 . Nichols , P. D., Volkman, J. K., Hallegraeff, G. M. & Blackburn, S. I. 1987. Sterols and fatty acids of the red tide flagellates Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella antiqua (Raphido- phyceae) . Phytochemistry, 26:2537-2541. Poisson , R. & Hollande , A. 1943 . Considerations sur Ia cytologie, Ia mitose et les affinites des Chloromonad ine s . Etude de Vacuo/aria
Type species
Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky , 1870 (Figs . 4,5). Cell 30-85 x
Figures
Raw text
Cell shape variable both between and within species, from almost spherical to oblong- cylindrical ; cell dimensions also variable ; flagella approximately the same length as the cell; many chloroplasts , not restricted to a single layer; spherical mucocysts occur at cell periphery . See Spencer (1971 ), Heywood (1977 , 1978a,b). 18-25 ~m ; var . minuta only 19-23 x 17-19 ~m (Fott, 1970); cell shapes vary in sing le natural collection (Spencer, 1971) or in single laboratory culture; spherical mucocysts occur near cell periphery and are involved in formation of palmelloid stages; species maintained in culture (Guillard and Lorenzen , 1972 ; Heywood , 1990) and several ultrastructural investigations made (Schnepf and Koch , 1966; Mignot , 1967; Heywood , 1977, 1978a,b) ; some aspects of chloroplast biochemistry also studied (Guillard and Lo renzen, 1972); occurs in ponds, bogs , and lakes usually rich in vegetation (Poisson and Hollande , 1943 ; Graffius, 1966; Spencer, 1971) and usually of pH 4.0-6.5, but also reported from slightly alkaline environments (Graffius, 1966); related species, V. viridis , pear-shaped with broad cell anterior (Fott, 1968 , 1970) though Spencer (1971) thinks this is synonymous with V . virescens ; Fott (1968 , 1970) described. V. penardii , a species in which chloroplasts are absent from the cytoplasm immediately below the cell membrane . section showing many chloroplasts in cell periphery , not in a single layer ; nucleus (N) with nucleolus (Nu) lies in anterior half of cell surrounded by characteristic zone of cytoplasm including mitochondria (M) and Golgi bodies (G); Golgi vesicles (V) empty into the contractile vacuole . x30 00 . (from Heywood [1977) by permission of J. Phyco l.) Biecheler, B. 1936. Sur une chloromonadine nouvelle d'eau saumi.'ttre Chattonella subsalsa n. gen ., n. sp. Arch. Zoo/. Exp. Gen ., 78 :79 - 83 . Gronberg, G ., Lindmark , G. & Bjork, S. 1988 . Mass development of the flagellate Gonostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes-an effect of acidification? Hydrobiologia , 161 :217-236. Fiksdahl , A. , Withers , N., Guillard , R. R. L. & Liaaen-Jensen , S. 1984. Carotenoids of th e 750 RAPHIDOMONADIDA Raphidophyceae-A chemosystematic contribu- tion . Camp. Biochem. Physio/., 78B :265-271 . Fott, B. 1968. VIII. Klasse: Chloromonado- phyceae In : Huber-Pestalozzi , G. G. (ed.), Das Phytoplankton des Susswassers. 2nd ed . Stuttgart, 3:79-93 . Fott, B. 1970. Taxonomische Ubertragungen und Namensi:i.nderungen unter den Algen. ///. Ch/oromonadophyceae. Pres/ia, 42 :16-20 . Fukuyo , Y., Takano , H. , Chihara , M. & Matsuoka, K. 1990. Red Tide Organisms in Japan-An Illustrated Taxonomic Guide. Uchida Rokakuho. pp 332-349 Graffius, J. H. 1966. Additions to our knowledge of Michigan Pyrrhophyta and Chloromonad- ophyta. Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc., 85:2 6 0- 270 . Guillard , R. R. L. & Lorenzen, C. J. 1972. Yellow- green algae with chlorophyllilde c. J . Phycol. , 8:10-14. Hara , Y. & Chiha ra, M. 1985 . Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Fibrocapsa japonica (Class Raphidophyceae) . Arch Protistenkd ., 130:133 - 141 . Hara , Y. & Chihara , M. 1987 . Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of the raphidophycean alga Heterosigma akashiwo. Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 100:151-163 . Hara, Y., Inouye , I. & Chihara, M. 1985. Morphology and ultrastructure of 0/isthodiscus luteus (Raphidophyceae) with special reference to the taxonomy. Bot. Mag . Tokyo, 98 :251-262. Heywood, P. 1977. Chloroplast structure in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuo/aria viresce ns. J. Phyco l., 13:68-72 . Heywood, P. 1978a. Ultrastructure of mitosis in the chloromonadophycean alga Vacuo/aria viresce ns . J. Cell Sci., 31:37-51. Heywood, P. 1978b. Osmoregulation in the alga Vacuo/aria virescens . Structure of the cont ractile vacuole and the nature of its association with the Golgi apparatus . J. Cell Sci., 31:213-224. Heywood, P. 1980. Chloromonads . In: Cox, E. R. (ed .), Phytoflagellates. Elsevier/ North Holland , New York . pp 351 -379 Hey wood , P. 1990 . Raphidoph yceae . In : Margulis, L. , Corliss, J. 0 ., Melkonian, M. & Chapman, D. J . (eds.), Handbook of Protoctists. Jones & Bartlett Publishers , Boston, Massachusetts . pp 318-325 Heywood, P. & Leedale, G. F. 1985 . Raphidomonadida. In: Lee , J. J., Hutner, S. H., & Bovee, E. C. (eds.) , Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa . Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas. pp 70-74 Hiroishi, S., Uchida, A., Nagasaki, J. & Ishida, Y. 1988 . A new method for identification of inter- and intra-species of the red tide algae Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae) by means of monoclonal antibodies . J. Phyco/. , 24:442-444 . Hoek , C ., van den 1978 . A/gen . Thieme, Stuttgart. Hovasse, R. 1945 . Contribution a l'etude des Chloromonadines: Gonyostomum semen Diesing . Arch. Zoo/. Exp. Gen ., 84:239-269. Meksumpun, S., Montani, S. & Uematsu, M. 1994. Elemental components of cyst walls of three marine phytoflagellates, Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) , Alexandrium catenella and Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae) . Phycologia, 33:275-280. Mignot, J . P. 1967. Structure et ultrastructure de quelques Chloromonadines . Protistologica 3:5 - 23. Mignot, J. P. 1976 . Complements al'etude de Chloromonadines. Ultrastructure de Chattonella subsalsa Biecheler flagelle d'eau saumatre. Protistologica , 12 :279-93. Nagasaki , K., Ando , M., ltakura , S., lmai, I. & Ishida, Y. 1994. Viral mortality in the final state of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphido- phyceae) red tide. J. Plank. Res., 1 6: 1 59 5- 1599 . Nakamura, Y. & Umemori , T. 1991 . Encystment of the red tide flagellate Chattonella antiqua (Raphidophyceae) : cyst yield in batch cultures and cyst flux in the field . Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. , 78 :273-284 . Nakamura, Y., Yamzaki, Y. & Hiromi, J. 1992 . Growth and grazing of a heterotrophic dinoflagellate , Gyrodinium dominans , feeding on a red tide flagellate, Chattonella antiqua. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 82 :275-279 . Nichols , P. D., Volkman, J. K., Hallegraeff, G. M. & Blackburn, S. I. 1987. Sterols and fatty acids of the red tide flagellates Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella antiqua (Raphido- phyceae) . Phytochemistry, 26:2537-2541. Poisson , R. & Hollande , A. 1943 . Considerations sur Ia cytologie, Ia mitose et les affinites des Chloromonad ine s . Etude de Vacuo/aria