Description
Chilomastix (syn=Macrostoma, Fanapetia) have a pyriform and twisted cell with 3 anteriorly directed flagella and 1 recurrent flagellum beating in the ventral cytostomal pocket (Figs. 1 ,3). The right fibril bordering the cytostome is thicker and forms a hook at its posterior extremity where the microtubules under the plasma-membrane . Figs. 1d,e. Transverse and longitudinal sections of the cytostome/cytopharynx containing the recurrent flagellum (R) and bordered by a paracrystalline right fiber (cF) . Bacteria in course of phagocytosis at the bottom of the cytopharynx; nucleus (N). Bar=10 1-Jm . (Photographs from G. Brugerolle) 1252 RETORTAMONADA cytopharynx takes place. Pyriform cysts have a single nucleus and internal cytostomal fibers (Fig . Be 3). Among the 29 species described, several live in invertebrates hosts (see list in Grasse, 1952): Be termites, sea urchins, and leeches such as C aulastomi (Belar, 1921 ). Among the species living in vertebrates, several live in mammals (Geiman, 1935), C. mesnili from man (Fig. 3)(Kofoid and Swezy, 1920; Wenyon, 1926) is a common Bi parasite which multiplies in diarrheic stools; C . bettencourti (Fig . 1a) is common in the caecum of rodents . Other species occur in primates, rodents, lagomorphs, horse , goat, ducks, galliform birds, lizards, amphibians, and marine fishes; C Bo gallinarum (Boeck and Tanabe, 1926) from the caecum of poultry is a potential pathogen . A complete list of Chilomastix species of vertebrates Br is provided by Kulda and Nohynkova (1978). Electron microscopic study by Brugerolle (1973). Br Br Br Figs. 2. Retortamonas agilis from Tipula larvae (after Mackinnon , 1916); flagellate and cyst. Bar=1 IJm . Ge Gr Ki Ko Ku Swezy, 1920} ; flagellate and cyst. Bar=10 IJm. lar, K. 1921 . Protozoenstudien Ill Chilomastix aulastomi. Arch. Protistenkd., 43 :439-446. rnard , C., Simpson , A. G. & Patterson , D. J. 1997. An ultrastructural study of a free-living retortamonad , Chilomastix cuspidata (Larsen et Patterson , 1990} n. comb . (Retortamonadida , Protista). Europ. J. Protista/., 33:254-240 . shop , A. 1931. A description od Embadomonas n. sp. from Blatta orienta/is, Rana temporaria , Bufo vulgaris, Salamandra macu/osa , with a note upon the "cyst" of Trichomonas . Parasitology, 2 3:2 8 6- eck , W . C . & Tanabe , M. 1926. Chilomastix gallinarum, morphology, division and cultivation. Am. J. Hyg ., 6:319-336. ugerolle , G. 1973 . Etude ultrastructurale du trophozoite et du kyste chez le genre Chilomastix Alexeieff, 1910 (Zoomastigophorea , Retortamonadida Grasse , 1952} . J. Protozoal., 20 : 574-585 . ugerolle , G . 1977. Ultrastructure du genre Retortamonas Grassi 1879 (Zoomastigophorea , Retortamonadida Wenrich 1931 ). Protistologica , 13:233-240. ugerolle , G. 1991 . Flagellar and cytoskeletal systems in amitochondrial flagellates : Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala . Protoplasma , 164:70-90 . ugerolle, G. & Mignot , J . P. 1990. Phylum Zoomastigina, class Retortamonadida. In : Margu li s, L. , Corliss, J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. & Chapmann , D. J. (eds .), Handbook of Protoctista . Jones & Bartlett Publishers Boston . pp 259-265 iman , Q. M. 1935 . Cytolog ical studies of the Chilomastix of man and other mammals . J. Morpho/. , 57 :430-453. asse, P.- P. 1952. Ordre des Retortamonadines. In : Grasse , P.-P. (ed .) , Traite de Zoologie . Vol. I. Masson et Cie, Paris . pp 824-831 rby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1950. Intestinal flagellates from a wallaroo , Macropus robustus . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/. , 55 :35-66 . foid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1920. On the morphology and mitosis of Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon) , a common flagellate of the human intestine . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20 :177-244. lda , J . & Nohynkova, E. 1978 . Flagellates of the human intestine and of the intestines of other species. In : Kreier, J. P. (ed .), Parasitic Protozoa . Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York . pp 2 - 138 ckinnon, D. L. 1916. Studies on parasitic protozoa . Ill. (a) Notes on the flagellate Embadomonas . (b) The
Type species
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Chilomastix (syn=Macrostoma, Fanapetia) have a pyriform and twisted cell with 3 anteriorly directed flagella and 1 recurrent flagellum beating in the ventral cytostomal pocket (Figs. 1 ,3). The right fibril bordering the cytostome is thicker and forms a hook at its posterior extremity where the microtubules under the plasma-membrane . Figs. 1d,e. Transverse and longitudinal sections of the cytostome/cytopharynx containing the recurrent flagellum (R) and bordered by a paracrystalline right fiber (cF) . Bacteria in course of phagocytosis at the bottom of the cytopharynx; nucleus (N). Bar=10 1-Jm . (Photographs from G. Brugerolle) 1252 RETORTAMONADA cytopharynx takes place. Pyriform cysts have a single nucleus and internal cytostomal fibers (Fig . Be 3). Among the 29 species described, several live in invertebrates hosts (see list in Grasse, 1952): Be termites, sea urchins, and leeches such as C aulastomi (Belar, 1921 ). Among the species living in vertebrates, several live in mammals (Geiman, 1935), C. mesnili from man (Fig. 3)(Kofoid and Swezy, 1920; Wenyon, 1926) is a common Bi parasite which multiplies in diarrheic stools; C . bettencourti (Fig . 1a) is common in the caecum of rodents . Other species occur in primates, rodents, lagomorphs, horse , goat, ducks, galliform birds, lizards, amphibians, and marine fishes; C Bo gallinarum (Boeck and Tanabe, 1926) from the caecum of poultry is a potential pathogen . A complete list of Chilomastix species of vertebrates Br is provided by Kulda and Nohynkova (1978). Electron microscopic study by Brugerolle (1973). Br Br Br Figs. 2. Retortamonas agilis from Tipula larvae (after Mackinnon , 1916); flagellate and cyst. Bar=1 IJm . Ge Gr Ki Ko Ku Swezy, 1920} ; flagellate and cyst. Bar=10 IJm. lar, K. 1921 . Protozoenstudien Ill Chilomastix aulastomi. Arch. Protistenkd., 43 :439-446. rnard , C., Simpson , A. G. & Patterson , D. J. 1997. An ultrastructural study of a free-living retortamonad , Chilomastix cuspidata (Larsen et Patterson , 1990} n. comb . (Retortamonadida , Protista). Europ. J. Protista/., 33:254-240 . shop , A. 1931. A description od Embadomonas n. sp. from Blatta orienta/is, Rana temporaria , Bufo vulgaris, Salamandra macu/osa , with a note upon the "cyst" of Trichomonas . Parasitology, 2 3:2 8 6- eck , W . C . & Tanabe , M. 1926. Chilomastix gallinarum, morphology, division and cultivation. Am. J. Hyg ., 6:319-336. ugerolle , G. 1973 . Etude ultrastructurale du trophozoite et du kyste chez le genre Chilomastix Alexeieff, 1910 (Zoomastigophorea , Retortamonadida Grasse , 1952} . J. Protozoal., 20 : 574-585 . ugerolle , G . 1977. Ultrastructure du genre Retortamonas Grassi 1879 (Zoomastigophorea , Retortamonadida Wenrich 1931 ). Protistologica , 13:233-240. ugerolle , G. 1991 . Flagellar and cytoskeletal systems in amitochondrial flagellates : Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala . Protoplasma , 164:70-90 . ugerolle, G. & Mignot , J . P. 1990. Phylum Zoomastigina, class Retortamonadida. In : Margu li s, L. , Corliss, J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. & Chapmann , D. J. (eds .), Handbook of Protoctista . Jones & Bartlett Publishers Boston . pp 259-265 iman , Q. M. 1935 . Cytolog ical studies of the Chilomastix of man and other mammals . J. Morpho/. , 57 :430-453. asse, P.- P. 1952. Ordre des Retortamonadines. In : Grasse , P.-P. (ed .) , Traite de Zoologie . Vol. I. Masson et Cie, Paris . pp 824-831 rby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1950. Intestinal flagellates from a wallaroo , Macropus robustus . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/. , 55 :35-66 . foid, C. A. & Swezy, 0 . 1920. On the morphology and mitosis of Chilomastix mesnili (Wenyon) , a common flagellate of the human intestine . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20 :177-244. lda , J . & Nohynkova, E. 1978 . Flagellates of the human intestine and of the intestines of other species. In : Kreier, J. P. (ed .), Parasitic Protozoa . Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York . pp 2 - 138 ckinnon, D. L. 1916. Studies on parasitic protozoa . Ill. (a) Notes on the flagellate Embadomonas . (b) The