Description
Colorless cells occurring in 2 different stages. Sessile (feeding) cells with granular 'tentacles over the entire cell surface . Flagellum inactive or moving very slowly in a figure-of-eight posture. Attached to a substrate with a very short stalk. The cell may change within a few minutes to a swimming condition, in which the tentacles are more or less retracted and the f I a- gellum moves in a typical pedinellid fashion. The cell feeds on bacteria or very small protists which are caught on the tentacles , transported , to the cell body and ingested. Ultrastructural work by Davidson ( 1982) , see also Larsen and Patterson (1990). Two very similar species, one marine, the other from fresh water. Ciflophrys infusionum Cienkowsky, 1875 (Fig. 88 , D). Cells 5 .5-11 11m in diameter with ten- tacles extending another 10-15 11m. Very widely distributed, attached to detritus or other o b- jects. Boney, A. D. 1973. Observations on the silicoflag- ellate Dictyocha speculum Ehrenb. from the Firth of Clyde . J. Mar. Bioi. Ass. U.K. , 53:263-268. Cavalier-Smith , T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbial. Rev. 67:953-994. Davidson , L. A. 1982. Ultrastructure , behavior, and algal flagellate affinities of the Helioflagellate Ciliophrys marina , and the classification of the Helioflagellates (Protista , Actinopoda , Heliozoea) . J. Protozoal., 29:19-29 . Erard-le Denn , E. & Ryckaert , M. 1990. Trout mortality associated to Distephanus speculum. In: Graneli , E. , Sundstrom , B. Edl er, L. and Anderson , D. M. (eds .), Toxic Marine Phyto- plankton. Elsevier, New York . p. 137 Henriksen , P., Knipschildt , F., Moestrup , 0. & Thomsen H. A. 1993. Autecology, life history and to xicology of the silicoflagellate Dictyocha speculum (Silicoflagellata , Dictyochophyceae) . Phycologia , 32 :29-39. Koutoulis , A. , McFadden , G. I. & Wetherbee, R. 1988 . Spine-scale orientation in Apedinella radians (Pedinellales, Chrysophyceae) : the m i- croarchitecture and immunocytochemistry of the associated cytoskeleton. Protoplasma , 147:25-41. Larsen, J. 1985. Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Actinomonas pusilla , a heterotrophic member of TA the Pedinellales (Chrysophyceae) . Br. Phycol. J ., 20:341-355 . Moestrup , 0 . 1995. Current status of chrysophyte 'splinter groups': synurophytes , pedinellids , s iIi- coflagellates . In : Sandgren, C. D., Smol , J. P. & Kristiansen, J . (eds .), Chrysophyte Algae: Ecol- ogy, Phylogeny and Development. Cambridge Uni- versity Press , Cambridge. pp 75 -91 Moestrup, 0. & Thomsen, H. A. 1990. Dictyocha speculum (Sil icoflagellata , Dictyochophycaeae) , studies on armoured and unarmoured stages. Bioi. Skr. Dan. Vi d. Se/sk. , 37 :1-57. O'Kelly, C. J. & Wujek , D. E. 1995. Status of the Chrysamoebales (Chrysophyceae) : observations on Chrysamoeba pyrenoidifera , Rhizochromulina marina and Lagynion delicatulum , In: Sandgreen , C. D., Smol , J. P. & Kristiansen J . (eds.) , Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and De- velopment. Cambridge University Press , Cam- bridge , pp 361-372 Patterson, D. J. & Fenchel, T . 1985. Insights into the evolution of heliozoa (Protozoa, Sarcodina) as provided by ultrastructural studies on a new spe- cies of flagellate from the genus Pteridomonas. Bioi. J. Linn. Soc. , 34 :381-403. Pedersen, S. M., Beech , P. L. & Thomsen , H. A . 1986 . Parapedinella reticulata gen. et sp. nov . (Chrysophyceae) from Danish waters. Nord. J. Bot. , 6:507-513. Saunders , G. W., Potter , D., Paskind , M. P & Andersen , R. A. 1995. Cladistic analyses of com - bined traditional and molecular data sets reveal a new algal lineage . Proc. Nat! Acad. Sci. USA , 92:244-248 . Swale, E. M. F. 1969. A study of the nanoplankton flagellate Pedinella hexacostata Vysotskii by light and electron microscopy. Br. Phycol. J. , 4:65-86 . Tappan , H. 1 9 8 0 . The Paleobiology of Plant Pro- tists. WH Freeman and Co ., San Francisco. Thomsen, H. A. 1988. Ultrastructural studies of the flagellate and cyst stages of Pseudopedinella t r i - costata (Pedinellales , Chrysophyceae). Br. Phy - col. J. , 23:1-16. van Valkenburg, S. D. & Norris RE. 1970. The growth and morphology of the silicoflagellate Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg in culture . J. Phyco/. 6 :48-54 . Zimmermann, B., Moestrup, 0 . & Hallfors , G. 1984. Chrysophyte or heliozoan : ultrastructural studies on a cultured species of Pseudopedine/la (Pedinellales ord . nov.), with comments on spe- cies taxonomy. Protistologica , 20 :591-612.
Type species
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Raw text
Colorless cells occurring in 2 different stages. Sessile (feeding) cells with granular 'tentacles over the entire cell surface . Flagellum inactive or moving very slowly in a figure-of-eight posture. Attached to a substrate with a very short stalk. The cell may change within a few minutes to a swimming condition, in which the tentacles are more or less retracted and the f I a- gellum moves in a typical pedinellid fashion. The cell feeds on bacteria or very small protists which are caught on the tentacles , transported , to the cell body and ingested. Ultrastructural work by Davidson ( 1982) , see also Larsen and Patterson (1990). Two very similar species, one marine, the other from fresh water. Ciflophrys infusionum Cienkowsky, 1875 (Fig. 88 , D). Cells 5 .5-11 11m in diameter with ten- tacles extending another 10-15 11m. Very widely distributed, attached to detritus or other o b- jects. Boney, A. D. 1973. Observations on the silicoflag- ellate Dictyocha speculum Ehrenb. from the Firth of Clyde . J. Mar. Bioi. Ass. U.K. , 53:263-268. Cavalier-Smith , T. 1993. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbial. Rev. 67:953-994. Davidson , L. A. 1982. Ultrastructure , behavior, and algal flagellate affinities of the Helioflagellate Ciliophrys marina , and the classification of the Helioflagellates (Protista , Actinopoda , Heliozoea) . J. Protozoal., 29:19-29 . Erard-le Denn , E. & Ryckaert , M. 1990. Trout mortality associated to Distephanus speculum. In: Graneli , E. , Sundstrom , B. Edl er, L. and Anderson , D. M. (eds .), Toxic Marine Phyto- plankton. Elsevier, New York . p. 137 Henriksen , P., Knipschildt , F., Moestrup , 0. & Thomsen H. A. 1993. Autecology, life history and to xicology of the silicoflagellate Dictyocha speculum (Silicoflagellata , Dictyochophyceae) . Phycologia , 32 :29-39. Koutoulis , A. , McFadden , G. I. & Wetherbee, R. 1988 . Spine-scale orientation in Apedinella radians (Pedinellales, Chrysophyceae) : the m i- croarchitecture and immunocytochemistry of the associated cytoskeleton. Protoplasma , 147:25-41. Larsen, J. 1985. Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Actinomonas pusilla , a heterotrophic member of TA the Pedinellales (Chrysophyceae) . Br. Phycol. J ., 20:341-355 . Moestrup , 0 . 1995. Current status of chrysophyte 'splinter groups': synurophytes , pedinellids , s iIi- coflagellates . In : Sandgren, C. D., Smol , J. P. & Kristiansen, J . (eds .), Chrysophyte Algae: Ecol- ogy, Phylogeny and Development. Cambridge Uni- versity Press , Cambridge. pp 75 -91 Moestrup, 0. & Thomsen, H. A. 1990. Dictyocha speculum (Sil icoflagellata , Dictyochophycaeae) , studies on armoured and unarmoured stages. Bioi. Skr. Dan. Vi d. Se/sk. , 37 :1-57. O'Kelly, C. J. & Wujek , D. E. 1995. Status of the Chrysamoebales (Chrysophyceae) : observations on Chrysamoeba pyrenoidifera , Rhizochromulina marina and Lagynion delicatulum , In: Sandgreen , C. D., Smol , J. P. & Kristiansen J . (eds.) , Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and De- velopment. Cambridge University Press , Cam- bridge , pp 361-372 Patterson, D. J. & Fenchel, T . 1985. Insights into the evolution of heliozoa (Protozoa, Sarcodina) as provided by ultrastructural studies on a new spe- cies of flagellate from the genus Pteridomonas. Bioi. J. Linn. Soc. , 34 :381-403. Pedersen, S. M., Beech , P. L. & Thomsen , H. A . 1986 . Parapedinella reticulata gen. et sp. nov . (Chrysophyceae) from Danish waters. Nord. J. Bot. , 6:507-513. Saunders , G. W., Potter , D., Paskind , M. P & Andersen , R. A. 1995. Cladistic analyses of com - bined traditional and molecular data sets reveal a new algal lineage . Proc. Nat! Acad. Sci. USA , 92:244-248 . Swale, E. M. F. 1969. A study of the nanoplankton flagellate Pedinella hexacostata Vysotskii by light and electron microscopy. Br. Phycol. J. , 4:65-86 . Tappan , H. 1 9 8 0 . The Paleobiology of Plant Pro- tists. WH Freeman and Co ., San Francisco. Thomsen, H. A. 1988. Ultrastructural studies of the flagellate and cyst stages of Pseudopedinella t r i - costata (Pedinellales , Chrysophyceae). Br. Phy - col. J. , 23:1-16. van Valkenburg, S. D. & Norris RE. 1970. The growth and morphology of the silicoflagellate Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg in culture . J. Phyco/. 6 :48-54 . Zimmermann, B., Moestrup, 0 . & Hallfors , G. 1984. Chrysophyte or heliozoan : ultrastructural studies on a cultured species of Pseudopedine/la (Pedinellales ord . nov.), with comments on spe- cies taxonomy. Protistologica , 20 :591-612.