Description
Stalked heliozoan with a spherical cell body at the top of a long , hollow , non-cytoplasmic , tube-like stalk, which may form a broadened base. N:> capsule nor extracellular gelatinous matrix. Numerous unbranched pseudopodia extend in a II directions . Reproduction is by division into 2-4 identical heliozoan cells . Monotypic, marine . Reference : Cienkowski (1881 ). 24 25 26 1874) . Fig . 26. Servetia borealis (after Cienkowski , 1881) . Anderson , E. & Beams , H. W. 1960 The fine structure of the heliozoan , Actinosphaerium nuc/eofilum . J. Protozoa l., 7:190-199 . Archer, W. 1869. On some freshwater Rhizopoda , new or little-known . Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 9 : 250- 271. Bardele , C. F. 1972 . Cell cyc le , morph ogenes is and ultrastru ct ure in pseudoheliozoan C!athrulina elegans . Z. Zellforsch. , 130:219-242. Bardele , C. F. 1975. The fine structure of th e centrohelidian heliozoan Heterophrys marina . Cell Tissue Res ., 161 :85-102 . Bardele , C. F. 1976. Particle movement in heliozoan axopods associated with lateral displacement of highl y ordered membrane domains. Z. Naturforsch., 31c :190-194 . Bardele, C. F. 1977. Comparative study of axopodial mi cro tubul e patterns and possible mechanisms o f pattern co ntrol in th e centrohelidian Heliozoa Acanthocystis , Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys. J. Cell Sci., 25:205 -232. Brugeroll e, G. 1985. Ultrastructure d ' Hedriocystis pellucida (Heliozoa Desmothoracida) et de sa forme migratice flagell ee. Protistologica , 21:259-265 . Cachon , J. & Cachon, M. 1977 . Sticholonche zanclea Hertwig: a reinterpretation of its phylogenetic position based upon new observations on its ultrastru ct ure . Arch. Protistenkd., 120 : 148 - 16 8. Cienkowski, L. 1867. Uber Clathrulina , eine neue Actinophryengattu ng . Arch. Mikr. A nat., 3:311- 316 . Cienkowski, L. 1881 . An account of the White Sea excursion in 1880 . Proc. St. Petersb. Imp. Soc. Nat ., 12 :130-171 . Croome, R. 1987. Observations of the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys, C/athrulina and Pompholyxophrys (Protozoa , Sarcodina) from australian freshwaters . Arch. Protistenkd., 133:237-243 . De Saedeleer, H. 1930. Structure , nutrition , reproduction de Monomastigocystis brachipous n. g., n. sp . Ann. Protista!. , 3 :1-11 . Dobell , C. 1917. On Oxnerella maritima , nov .gen. , nov .spec. , a new heliozoan , and its method of division; with some remarks on the centroplast of Heliozoa. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 62 :515-538 . Durrschmidt , M. 1985 . Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia , Heliozoa) from Chile. Arch. Protistenkd., 129:55-87. Durrschmidt , M. 1987. An electron microscopic study on fresh water Heliozoa (genus Acanthocystis , Centrohelidia) from Chile , New Zealand , Malaysia and Sri-Lanka . Ill. Arch . Protistenkd. , 133:49-80 . Durrschmidt , M. & Patterson , D. J . 1987a. A light and electron microscopical study of a new species of centroheliozoon, Chlamydaster fimbriatus. Tissue Cell, 19 :365-376 . Durrschmidt , M. & Patterson , D. J. 1987b. On th e organization of the heliozoa Raphidiophrys ambigua Penard and R. pal/ida Schulze . Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoot. Bioi. Anim., 13th ser. , 8:135 -155. Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1973. Hedraiophrys hovassei, morphologie , biologie et cytologie . Protistologica , 9 :503-520 . Febvre-Chevalier , C . 1975. Etude cytologique de Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki, 1894 (Heliozoaire Centrohelidie) . Protistologica , 11 :331-344 . Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1980. Behaviour and cytology of Actinocoryne contractilis , nov. gen ., nov. sp ., a new stalked heliozoan (Centrohelidia): comparison with the other related genera. J. Mar. Bioi. Assoc. U.K. , 60 :909-928 . Febvre -Chevalier, C. 1985. Class Heliozoea Haeckel 1866. In: Lee , J. J ., Hutner, S. H. & Bovee , E. C. (eds.) , An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa . Society of Protozoologists , Lawren ce , Kansas. pp 302-317 Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1990. Phylum Actinopod a Class Heliozoa. In : Margu lis , L. , Corliss , J. 0 . , Melkonian , M. & Chapman , D. J. (ed s.), Handbook of Protoctista. Jon es and Barlett Publishers , Boston . pp 347-362 Grenacher, H. 1869. Uber Actinophrys sol. Verhand. Phys. Me d. Gesell. Wurzburg, N. F. , 1:166-178. HELI Hertwig , R. & Lesser, E. 1874. Uber Rhizopoden und denselben nahestehende Organismen . Ill. Te i I Heliozoa. Arch Mikr. Anat., 10 :147-236. Hollande , A. & Enjumet, M. 1954. Morphologie et affinites Radio laire Sticholonche zanclea Hertwig. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo/. 11e ser. , 16:337-343. Hoogenraad , H. R. 1927 . Beobachtungen uber den Bau , die Lebenswe ise und die Entwicklung von Hedriocystis pellucida. Arch. Protistenkd., 58 :32 1-34 3. Jones , W. C. 1976. Th e ultrastructure of Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki , a marine axopod iate protozoon. Phil. Trans . R. Soc. London (B), 275:349-384 . Mignot, J .- P. 1979 . Etude ultrastructurale de Ia pedogamie chez Actinophrys sol (Heli ozoaire). I La division progamique . Protisto/ogica , 1 5:3 8 7- 406 . Mignot , J.-P . 1980a . Etud e ultrastru ctural e de Ia pedogam ie chez Actinophrys sol (Heliozoaire). II . Les divisions de maturation. Protistologica , 16 :205-226. Mignot , J .-P. 1980b. Etud e ultra structura le de Ia pedogami e chez Actinophrys sol (Heli ozoaire). Ill . Gam etog enese, fecondation , enkystement. Protistologica , 16 :533-547. Mignot, J.-P. 1984. Etud e ultrastructural e de Ia mitose vegetative chez I'Heliozoaire Ac tinophrys sol. Protis tologica , 20:247-264. Mikrj ukov , K. A. 1995a. Formation of extr u sive organ ell es - kinetocysts in the heliozoan, Clamydaster sterni. Cytology (Leningrad) , 37:153-158 . Mikrjukov , K. A. 1995b . Revision of species co mposit ion of the genus Choanocystis (Centroh eliozoa, Sarcodina) and its members in Eastern Europe. Zoo/. Zhurn. (Moscow) , 74:3- 17. Mikrjukov , K. A. 1996a. Revision of genera and species co mposition in lower Centroheliozoa . I. Famil y Heterop hryidae Poche. Arch. Protistenkd. , 147:107-113 . Mikrjukov , K. A. 1996b. Revision of genera and species co mposition in lower Centroheliozoa . II . Famil y Raphidio phryidae n. tam . Arch . Protistenkd., 147:205-2 12 . Mikrjuko v , K. A. 1997. Rev ision of genera and species compos ition of th e family Acantho cystidae (Centroheliozoa ; Sarcod in a) . Zoo/. Zhurn. (Moscow) , 76 :1- 13 . Nichol ls, K. H. & Durrschmidt , M. 1985 . Scale stru cture and ta xo nomy of some species of Raphidocystis, Raphidiophrys and Pompholyxophrys (Heli ozoea) in cluding descripti on of six new ta xa. Can. J. Zoo I., 63:1944-1961. Patterson , D. J . 1979. On the org ani zation and classificat ion of the protozoon, Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, 1830. Microbios, 26:165-208. Patterson , D. J . 1986 . The actinophryid heliozoa (Sarcodina, Actinopod a) as chromoph ytes. In : Kristiansen , J . & An derse n, R. A. (eds .), Chrysophytes : Aspects and Problems. Cambrig e University Press , pp.49-67 . Patterson , D. J . & Hausmann, K. 1981. Feeding by Actinophrys sol (Protista , Heliozoa): I. Li ght microscopy. Microbios , 31:39-55. Penard , E., 1891 . Contributions a !'et ud e des Rhi zopodes du Leman . Arch. Sci. Nat., 26: 13 4- 156 . Rainer , H. 1968. Urtiere, Protozoa; Wur zelfUB ier , . Rh izopoda; Sonnentierchen , Heliozoa. In : Dahl , F. (ed .), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands . Bd . 56 . Gustav Fischer Verlag , Jena . Sassaki , C. 1894. Untersuchungen uber Gymnosphaera albida , ein e neue marine Hel iozoe . Jenaische Z. Naturw., 28:45-52 . Schulze , F. E. 1874. Rhi zopode nstudien. Arch Mikr. Anat., 10:377-400. Siemensma , F. J . 1981 . De Nederlandse Zonnendiertjes (Actinopoda, Heliozoa) . Wet. Meded. K.N.N. V., Vol. 149. 118 pp Siemensma , F. J. 1991 . Heliozoea . In : Page , F. C. & Siemensma, F. J . (eds.), Nackte Rhizopoda und Heliozoea . Protozoenfa un a, Vol. 2 , Fischer Verlag , Stuttgart. pp 171 - 290 Siemen sma, F. J . & Roij ackers, R. M. M. 1988a. A study of little-k nown aca nthocystid heli ozoeans, and a proposed rev1s1on of the genus Acanthocystis (Act inop oda, Heliozoea). Arch . Prot istenkd ., 135 :197-212. Siemensma, F. J. & Roijackers, R. M. M. 1988b. The
Type species
Servetia borealis (Mereschkowsky , 1879) Poche, 1913.
Figures
Raw text
Stalked heliozoan with a spherical cell body at the top of a long , hollow , non-cytoplasmic , tube-like stalk, which may form a broadened base. N:> capsule nor extracellular gelatinous matrix. Numerous unbranched pseudopodia extend in a II directions . Reproduction is by division into 2-4 identical heliozoan cells . Monotypic, marine . Reference : Cienkowski (1881 ). 24 25 26 1874) . Fig . 26. Servetia borealis (after Cienkowski , 1881) . Anderson , E. & Beams , H. W. 1960 The fine structure of the heliozoan , Actinosphaerium nuc/eofilum . J. Protozoa l., 7:190-199 . Archer, W. 1869. On some freshwater Rhizopoda , new or little-known . Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 9 : 250- 271. Bardele , C. F. 1972 . Cell cyc le , morph ogenes is and ultrastru ct ure in pseudoheliozoan C!athrulina elegans . Z. Zellforsch. , 130:219-242. Bardele , C. F. 1975. The fine structure of th e centrohelidian heliozoan Heterophrys marina . Cell Tissue Res ., 161 :85-102 . Bardele , C. F. 1976. Particle movement in heliozoan axopods associated with lateral displacement of highl y ordered membrane domains. Z. Naturforsch., 31c :190-194 . Bardele, C. F. 1977. Comparative study of axopodial mi cro tubul e patterns and possible mechanisms o f pattern co ntrol in th e centrohelidian Heliozoa Acanthocystis , Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys. J. Cell Sci., 25:205 -232. Brugeroll e, G. 1985. Ultrastructure d ' Hedriocystis pellucida (Heliozoa Desmothoracida) et de sa forme migratice flagell ee. Protistologica , 21:259-265 . Cachon , J. & Cachon, M. 1977 . Sticholonche zanclea Hertwig: a reinterpretation of its phylogenetic position based upon new observations on its ultrastru ct ure . Arch. Protistenkd., 120 : 148 - 16 8. Cienkowski, L. 1867. Uber Clathrulina , eine neue Actinophryengattu ng . Arch. Mikr. A nat., 3:311- 316 . Cienkowski, L. 1881 . An account of the White Sea excursion in 1880 . Proc. St. Petersb. Imp. Soc. Nat ., 12 :130-171 . Croome, R. 1987. Observations of the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys, C/athrulina and Pompholyxophrys (Protozoa , Sarcodina) from australian freshwaters . Arch. Protistenkd., 133:237-243 . De Saedeleer, H. 1930. Structure , nutrition , reproduction de Monomastigocystis brachipous n. g., n. sp . Ann. Protista!. , 3 :1-11 . Dobell , C. 1917. On Oxnerella maritima , nov .gen. , nov .spec. , a new heliozoan , and its method of division; with some remarks on the centroplast of Heliozoa. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 62 :515-538 . Durrschmidt , M. 1985 . Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia , Heliozoa) from Chile. Arch. Protistenkd., 129:55-87. Durrschmidt , M. 1987. An electron microscopic study on fresh water Heliozoa (genus Acanthocystis , Centrohelidia) from Chile , New Zealand , Malaysia and Sri-Lanka . Ill. Arch . Protistenkd. , 133:49-80 . Durrschmidt , M. & Patterson , D. J . 1987a. A light and electron microscopical study of a new species of centroheliozoon, Chlamydaster fimbriatus. Tissue Cell, 19 :365-376 . Durrschmidt , M. & Patterson , D. J. 1987b. On th e organization of the heliozoa Raphidiophrys ambigua Penard and R. pal/ida Schulze . Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoot. Bioi. Anim., 13th ser. , 8:135 -155. Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1973. Hedraiophrys hovassei, morphologie , biologie et cytologie . Protistologica , 9 :503-520 . Febvre-Chevalier , C . 1975. Etude cytologique de Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki, 1894 (Heliozoaire Centrohelidie) . Protistologica , 11 :331-344 . Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1980. Behaviour and cytology of Actinocoryne contractilis , nov. gen ., nov. sp ., a new stalked heliozoan (Centrohelidia): comparison with the other related genera. J. Mar. Bioi. Assoc. U.K. , 60 :909-928 . Febvre -Chevalier, C. 1985. Class Heliozoea Haeckel 1866. In: Lee , J. J ., Hutner, S. H. & Bovee , E. C. (eds.) , An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa . Society of Protozoologists , Lawren ce , Kansas. pp 302-317 Febvre-Chevalier, C. 1990. Phylum Actinopod a Class Heliozoa. In : Margu lis , L. , Corliss , J. 0 . , Melkonian , M. & Chapman , D. J. (ed s.), Handbook of Protoctista. Jon es and Barlett Publishers , Boston . pp 347-362 Grenacher, H. 1869. Uber Actinophrys sol. Verhand. Phys. Me d. Gesell. Wurzburg, N. F. , 1:166-178. HELI Hertwig , R. & Lesser, E. 1874. Uber Rhizopoden und denselben nahestehende Organismen . Ill. Te i I Heliozoa. Arch Mikr. Anat., 10 :147-236. Hollande , A. & Enjumet, M. 1954. Morphologie et affinites Radio laire Sticholonche zanclea Hertwig. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo/. 11e ser. , 16:337-343. Hoogenraad , H. R. 1927 . Beobachtungen uber den Bau , die Lebenswe ise und die Entwicklung von Hedriocystis pellucida. Arch. Protistenkd., 58 :32 1-34 3. Jones , W. C. 1976. Th e ultrastructure of Gymnosphaera albida Sassaki , a marine axopod iate protozoon. Phil. Trans . R. Soc. London (B), 275:349-384 . Mignot, J .- P. 1979 . Etude ultrastructurale de Ia pedogamie chez Actinophrys sol (Heli ozoaire). I La division progamique . Protisto/ogica , 1 5:3 8 7- 406 . Mignot , J.-P . 1980a . Etud e ultrastru ctural e de Ia pedogam ie chez Actinophrys sol (Heliozoaire). II . Les divisions de maturation. Protistologica , 16 :205-226. Mignot , J .-P. 1980b. Etud e ultra structura le de Ia pedogami e chez Actinophrys sol (Heli ozoaire). Ill . Gam etog enese, fecondation , enkystement. Protistologica , 16 :533-547. Mignot, J.-P. 1984. Etud e ultrastructural e de Ia mitose vegetative chez I'Heliozoaire Ac tinophrys sol. Protis tologica , 20:247-264. Mikrj ukov , K. A. 1995a. Formation of extr u sive organ ell es - kinetocysts in the heliozoan, Clamydaster sterni. Cytology (Leningrad) , 37:153-158 . Mikrjukov , K. A. 1995b . Revision of species co mposit ion of the genus Choanocystis (Centroh eliozoa, Sarcodina) and its members in Eastern Europe. Zoo/. Zhurn. (Moscow) , 74:3- 17. Mikrjukov , K. A. 1996a. Revision of genera and species co mposition in lower Centroheliozoa . I. Famil y Heterop hryidae Poche. Arch. Protistenkd. , 147:107-113 . Mikrjukov , K. A. 1996b. Revision of genera and species co mposition in lower Centroheliozoa . II . Famil y Raphidio phryidae n. tam . Arch . Protistenkd., 147:205-2 12 . Mikrjuko v , K. A. 1997. Rev ision of genera and species compos ition of th e family Acantho cystidae (Centroheliozoa ; Sarcod in a) . Zoo/. Zhurn. (Moscow) , 76 :1- 13 . Nichol ls, K. H. & Durrschmidt , M. 1985 . Scale stru cture and ta xo nomy of some species of Raphidocystis, Raphidiophrys and Pompholyxophrys (Heli ozoea) in cluding descripti on of six new ta xa. Can. J. Zoo I., 63:1944-1961. Patterson , D. J . 1979. On the org ani zation and classificat ion of the protozoon, Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, 1830. Microbios, 26:165-208. Patterson , D. J . 1986 . The actinophryid heliozoa (Sarcodina, Actinopod a) as chromoph ytes. In : Kristiansen , J . & An derse n, R. A. (eds .), Chrysophytes : Aspects and Problems. Cambrig e University Press , pp.49-67 . Patterson , D. J . & Hausmann, K. 1981. Feeding by Actinophrys sol (Protista , Heliozoa): I. Li ght microscopy. Microbios , 31:39-55. Penard , E., 1891 . Contributions a !'et ud e des Rhi zopodes du Leman . Arch. Sci. Nat., 26: 13 4- 156 . Rainer , H. 1968. Urtiere, Protozoa; Wur zelfUB ier , . Rh izopoda; Sonnentierchen , Heliozoa. In : Dahl , F. (ed .), Die Tierwelt Deutschlands . Bd . 56 . Gustav Fischer Verlag , Jena . Sassaki , C. 1894. Untersuchungen uber Gymnosphaera albida , ein e neue marine Hel iozoe . Jenaische Z. Naturw., 28:45-52 . Schulze , F. E. 1874. Rhi zopode nstudien. Arch Mikr. Anat., 10:377-400. Siemensma , F. J . 1981 . De Nederlandse Zonnendiertjes (Actinopoda, Heliozoa) . Wet. Meded. K.N.N. V., Vol. 149. 118 pp Siemensma , F. J. 1991 . Heliozoea . In : Page , F. C. & Siemensma, F. J . (eds.), Nackte Rhizopoda und Heliozoea . Protozoenfa un a, Vol. 2 , Fischer Verlag , Stuttgart. pp 171 - 290 Siemen sma, F. J . & Roij ackers, R. M. M. 1988a. A study of little-k nown aca nthocystid heli ozoeans, and a proposed rev1s1on of the genus Acanthocystis (Act inop oda, Heliozoea). Arch . Prot istenkd ., 135 :197-212. Siemensma, F. J. & Roijackers, R. M. M. 1988b. The