Description
SIMPSON & PATIERSON, 1996 pr ul By ALASTAIR SIMPSON AND DAVID PATIERSON Ap is TEM u Co/podel/a Cienkowski , 1865, the sole genus in fl ex pr this family , contains free-swimming flagellates fl that prey on other protists by sucking up the in cytoplasm through a rostrum. Flagellates exhibiting this behaviour have often been assigned to other genera including Spiromonas, Dinomonas, Alphamonas, Nephromonas, Dingensia and Bodo. Several such organisms have been studied in detail , mostly under the name Spiromonas (Brugerolle and Mignot, 1979, Foissner and Foissner , 1984, Krylov and Myln ikov , 1986, Mylnikov , 1991 ). At the ultrastructural level they were found to be more similar to the apicomplexan parasites than to any other protists . Colpodel/a pugnax (Fig . 1) the type species of Colpodella, was recently found to have a similar ultrastructure to the previously studied species considered above (Simpson & Patterson , 1996) . The name Colpodel/a has priority, with Spiromonas being an inapprop riate name tor flagellates (Patterson & Zblttel, 1991 ) . All tree-living flagellates with an apical complex are included in Colpodella (Simpson & Patterson, 1996) . The generic names Alphamonas, Dingensia and Nephromonas are junior synonyms . ce The genus contains seven distinguishable species Yo (Simpson & Patterson , 1996) all of which have da two flagella and are under 25 1-Jm long . The flagella cy insert opposed/ orthogonally in small pockets or grooves at the base of an anterior rostrum. The rostrum attaches to prey cells and cytoplasm is drawn into the Co/podel/a . Fed cells may form cysts in which the cells divide into two or tour su daughter cells . The lite cycle is shown in Fig. 1. sy Ho Notable ultrastructural features include : pa tubular/vesicular mitochondrial cristae , cortical sp alveoli underlain by longitudinal microtubules subtending the oute r plasma membrane, and ec micropores. The rostrum contains an apical in complex with rhoptries (Brugerolle and Mignot, no 1979 ; Foissner and Foissner , 1984 , Mylnikov, th 1991, Simpson and Patterson, 1996) . A conoid Co has been identified in several species (Mylnikov, 91 , Simpson and Patterson , in press). This esence of micropores and an apical complex, the trastructural synapomorphies of the icomplexa means that Apicomplexan monophyly only ensured it the taxon includes Colpodella . Co/podel/a may only be distinguished from other agellates with certainty by ultrastructural amination. The tour-way division cyst is obably distinctive tor Colpodella among agellates but has not been observed in all species the genus. ll. b, Cell attacking alga c, Cell with ingested alga . d , ung division cyst. e, Older division cyst with 4 ughter cells forming , f, Daughter cells escaping from st leaving remains of prey . Scal e bar = 101-Jm Brugerolle , G. & Mignot , J.- .P. 1979. Observations r le cycle, !'ultrastructure et Ia position stematique de Spiromonas perforans (Bodo perforans llande 1938) , flagelle parasite de Chilomonas ramecium: Ses relations avec les dinoflagelles et orozoaires. Protistologica , 15:183-196 . Foissner, W. & Foissner, I. 1984. First record of an toparasitic flagellate on ciliates : an ultrastructural vestigation of the morphology of Spiromonas gonderi v. spec. (Zoomastigophora , Spiromonadidae) invading e pellicle of ciliates of the genus Colpoda (Ciliophora , lpodidae) . Protistologica, 20 :635-648 .
Type species
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SIMPSON & PATIERSON, 1996 pr ul By ALASTAIR SIMPSON AND DAVID PATIERSON Ap is TEM u Co/podel/a Cienkowski , 1865, the sole genus in fl ex pr this family , contains free-swimming flagellates fl that prey on other protists by sucking up the in cytoplasm through a rostrum. Flagellates exhibiting this behaviour have often been assigned to other genera including Spiromonas, Dinomonas, Alphamonas, Nephromonas, Dingensia and Bodo. Several such organisms have been studied in detail , mostly under the name Spiromonas (Brugerolle and Mignot, 1979, Foissner and Foissner , 1984, Krylov and Myln ikov , 1986, Mylnikov , 1991 ). At the ultrastructural level they were found to be more similar to the apicomplexan parasites than to any other protists . Colpodel/a pugnax (Fig . 1) the type species of Colpodella, was recently found to have a similar ultrastructure to the previously studied species considered above (Simpson & Patterson , 1996) . The name Colpodel/a has priority, with Spiromonas being an inapprop riate name tor flagellates (Patterson & Zblttel, 1991 ) . All tree-living flagellates with an apical complex are included in Colpodella (Simpson & Patterson, 1996) . The generic names Alphamonas, Dingensia and Nephromonas are junior synonyms . ce The genus contains seven distinguishable species Yo (Simpson & Patterson , 1996) all of which have da two flagella and are under 25 1-Jm long . The flagella cy insert opposed/ orthogonally in small pockets or grooves at the base of an anterior rostrum. The rostrum attaches to prey cells and cytoplasm is drawn into the Co/podel/a . Fed cells may form cysts in which the cells divide into two or tour su daughter cells . The lite cycle is shown in Fig. 1. sy Ho Notable ultrastructural features include : pa tubular/vesicular mitochondrial cristae , cortical sp alveoli underlain by longitudinal microtubules subtending the oute r plasma membrane, and ec micropores. The rostrum contains an apical in complex with rhoptries (Brugerolle and Mignot, no 1979 ; Foissner and Foissner , 1984 , Mylnikov, th 1991, Simpson and Patterson, 1996) . A conoid Co has been identified in several species (Mylnikov, 91 , Simpson and Patterson , in press). This esence of micropores and an apical complex, the trastructural synapomorphies of the icomplexa means that Apicomplexan monophyly only ensured it the taxon includes Colpodella . Co/podel/a may only be distinguished from other agellates with certainty by ultrastructural amination. The tour-way division cyst is obably distinctive tor Colpodella among agellates but has not been observed in all species the genus. ll. b, Cell attacking alga c, Cell with ingested alga . d , ung division cyst. e, Older division cyst with 4 ughter cells forming , f, Daughter cells escaping from st leaving remains of prey . Scal e bar = 101-Jm Brugerolle , G. & Mignot , J.- .P. 1979. Observations r le cycle, !'ultrastructure et Ia position stematique de Spiromonas perforans (Bodo perforans llande 1938) , flagelle parasite de Chilomonas ramecium: Ses relations avec les dinoflagelles et orozoaires. Protistologica , 15:183-196 . Foissner, W. & Foissner, I. 1984. First record of an toparasitic flagellate on ciliates : an ultrastructural vestigation of the morphology of Spiromonas gonderi v. spec. (Zoomastigophora , Spiromonadidae) invading e pellicle of ciliates of the genus Colpoda (Ciliophora , lpodidae) . Protistologica, 20 :635-648 .