Description
Cells with a characteristic recurved posterior , imparting a sigmoid shape in lateral view. A keeled or winged rhizostyle extends the length of the cell acting as a cytoskeleton to maintain the cell shape. A simple furrow extends posteriorly from the vestibulum to a sac-like gullet. The periplast consists only of an inner sheet which is not associated with the cell membrane ; a surface peri-plast component is lacking. The periplastidal compartment contains 2 chloroplasts , each with its own pyrenoid not transversed by thylakoids , and 2 nucleomorphs located near each pyrenoid . Chloroplasts possess Cr-phycoerythrin 566 . Freshwater (Hill, 1991b; Klaveness , 1985 ; Kugrens and Lee, 1987; Kugrens et al. , 1 9 8 6 ; Munawar and Bistricki, 1979) . CRYPTOMONADIDA Scale=1 IJm. (From Kugrens et al. , 1986) Andersen , R. A. 1992 . Diversity of eukaryotic algae . Biodiversity Conserv., 1:267-292. Anderson , E. 1962. A cytological study of Chilomonas paramaecium with particular reference to the so- call ed trichocysts. J. Protozoal. , 9:380-395. Antia , N. J., Kalley , J. P. , McDonald , T. & Bisalputra , T. 1973 . Ultrastructure of the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas salina cultured under conditions of photoautotrophy and glyceroheterotrophy . J. Protozoal. , 20 :377-385 . Bourrelly , P. 1970. Les Algues d 'Eau Douce. Tome Ill: Les Algues Bleues et Rouges. Les Eugleniens, Peridiniens et Cryptomonadines. Editions N. Boubee & Ci e, Paris . 512 pp Brett , S. J. & Wetherbee , R. 1986. A comparative study of periplast structure in Cryptomonas cryophila and C. ovata (Cryptophyceae) . Protoplasma , 131 :23-31 . Butcher, R. W. 1967. An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Waters IV. Cryptophyceae. Fishery Invest ., Ser. 4, London , pp 1-54 Dodge, J. D. 1969. The ultrastructure of Chroomonas mesostigmatica Butcher (Cryptophyceae) . Arch. Mikrobiol ., 69 :266-280. Douglas, S. E., Murphy , C. A., Spencer, D. F. & Gray , M. W. 1991 . Cryptomonad algae are evolutionary chimeras of two phylogenetically distinct unicellular eukaryotes . Nature , 350:148-151. Dwarte, D. & Vesk, M. 1982. Freeze-fracture thylakoid ultrastructure of representative members of chlorophyll c algae. Micron , 13:325- 326. Dwarte , D. & Vesk , M. 1983. A freeze-fracture study of cryptomonad thylakoids . Protoplasma , 117 : 130-141 . Erata , M. & Chihara, M. 1989. Re-examination of Pyrenomonas and Rhodomonas (Class Cryptophyceae) through ultrastructural survey of red pigmented cryptomonads. Bot. Mag. Tokyo , 102 :429-442 . Faust , M. A. 1974. Structure of the periplast of Cryptomonas ovata var. palustris . J. Phycol., 10 : 121 - 124. Gantt , E. R. 1971 . Micromorphology of the periplast of Chroomonas sp . (Cryptophyceae) . J. Phycol., 7 : 177-184. Gantt , E. 1979. Phycobiliproteins of Cryptophyceae . In : Levandowsky , M . & Hutner, S. H. (eds .) , Biochemistry and Physiology of the Protozoa, Vol. 1. Academic Press , New York and London. pp 121-138 Gantt, E. R. 1980. Photosynthetic cryptophytes . In : Phytoflagellates, Developments in Marine Biology, Vol. 2. Elsevier, North Holland Amsterdam. pp 381 -405 Gantt, E., Edwards , M. R. & Provasoli , L. 1971 . Chloroplast structure of the Cryptophyceae , evidence for phycobiliproteins within intrathylakoidal spaces. J. Cell Bioi., 4 8:2 8 0- 290 . Gillot, M. 1990. Phylum Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads) . In: Margulis , L., Corliss , J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. & Chapman , D. J. (eds .), Handbook of Protoctista . Jones & Bartlett Publishers , Boston . pp 139-151 Gillot , M. A. & Gibbs, S. P. 1980. The cryptomonad nucleomorph : its structure and evolutionary significance. J. Phycol. , 16 :558-568 . Gillott, M. A & Gibbs, S. P. 1982 . Comparison of the flagellar rootlets and periplast in two marine cryptomonads . Can. J. Bot., 61 :1964-1980. Grain , J. , Mignot, J. P. & Puytorac, P. 1988 . Ultrastructures and evolutionary modalities of flagellar and ciliary systems in protists. Bioi. Cell., 63 :219-237. Grim , J. N. & Staehelin , L. A. 1984. The ejectisomes of the flagellate Chilomonas paramecium: 1124 CRYPTOMONADIDA visualization by freeze-fracture and isolation techniques . J. Protozoal., 3:259-267. Heywood , P. 1988. Ultrastructure of Chilomonas paramecium and the phylogeny of cryptoprotists. Biosys tems , 21 :293-298 . Hibberd , D. J. 1977. Observations on the ultra- structure of the cryptomonad endosymbiont of th e red-water ciliate Mesodinium rubrum . J. Mar Bioi. Assoc. U. K. , 57:45-61. Hibberd , D. J., Greenwood , A. D. & Griffiths , H. B. 1971 . Observation s on the ultrastructure and flagella and periplast in the Cryptophyceae. Br . Phycol. J. , 6:61-72 . Hill , D. R. A. 1990. Chroomonas and other blue-green cryptomonads. J. Phycol., 26:133-145 . Hill , D. R. A. 1991 a. Diversity of heterotrophic cryptomonads. In: Patterson , D.J. & Larsen , J , (eds .), The Biology of Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Systematics Association Special Volume 45. pp 235-240 Hill , D. R. A. 1991 b. A revised circumscription of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) based on examination of Australian strains . Phycologia , 3 0 : 170-188. Hill , D. R. A. & Rowan, K. S. 1989. Biliproteins of the Cryptophyceae. Phycologia , 28:455-463 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee, R. 1986. Proteomonas sulcata gen. et sp. nov . (Cryptophyceae) a crypto-monad with two morphologically distinct and alter-nating forms . Phycologia , 27 :521-543 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee, R. 1988. The structure and taxonmy of Rhinomonas pauca gen. et sp . nov . (Cryptophyceae). Phycologia, 27:355-365 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee , R. 1989 . A reappraisal of the genus Rhodomonas (Cryptophyceae). Phycologia , 28:143 - 158. Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee , R. 1990 . Guillardia theta gen. et sp . nov. (Cryptophyceae). Can. J. Bot. , 68 : 1873-1876 Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1950. Das Phytoplankton das SOsswaters, Tiel 3., Cryptophyceen , Chloromonadinen , Peridineen. In : Thienenemann , A. (ed.) , Stuttgart , pp2-78 . Klaveness , D. 1981 . Rhodomonas lacustris (Pascher & Ruttner) Javornicky (Cryptomonadida): ultra structure of the vegetative cell. J. Protozoal., 28 :83-90. Klaveness , D. 1985 . Classical and modern criteria for determining species of Cryptophyceae . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jap., 32: 111-128 . Klaveness , D. 1988. Ecology of the Cryptomonadida: A first rev iew . In: Sandgren , C, D. (ed.), Growth and Reproductive Strategies of Freshwater Phyto-plankton. Cambridge Univ. Press , New York. pp 105-133 Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1987 . An ultrastructural survey of cryptomonad periplasts using quick- freezing freeze-fracture techniques . J. Phycol., 23:365-376. Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1988. Ultrastructure of fertilization in a cryptomonad. J. Phyco/. , 24:510-518. Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1990 . Ultrastructural evidence for bacterial incorporation and mixotrophy in the photosynthetic cryptomonad Chroomonas pochmanni Huber-Pestalozzi (Cryptomonadida). J. Protozoal., 37:263 -267 . Kugrens , P. & Lee, R. E. 1991 . Organization of cryptomonads . In: Patterson , D. J. and Larsen , J . (eds.) , The Biology of Free -Living Heterotrophic Flagellates . The Systematics Association , Special Volume 45. pp 219-233 Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E. & Andersen , R. E. 1986 . Cell form and surface patterns in Chroomonas and Cryptomonas cells (Cryptophyta) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy . J. Phycol., 22:512-522. Kugrens, P. , Lee, R. E. & Andersen , R. E. 1987 . Ultrastructural variations in cryptomonad flagella. J. Phycol., 23:511-518 . Lee , R. E. & Kugrens , P. 1986 . The occurrence and structure of flagellar scales in some freshwater cryptophytes. J. Phycol. , 22:549-552. Lucas, I. A. N. 1970a. Observations on the ultrastructure of representatives of the genera Hemiselmis and Chroomonas (Cryptophyceae) . Br. Phycol. J. , 5 :2 9 -37. Lucas, I. A. N. 1970b. Observation on the fine structure of the Cryptophyceae . I. The genus Cryptomonas . J. Phycol. , 6:30-38 . Lucas, I. A. N. 1982 . Observation on the fine structure of the Cryptophyceae. II. The eyespot. Br. Phycol. J., 17 :113-119. Ludwig , M. & Gibbs, S. P. 1985. DNA is present in the nucleomorph of cryptomonads : further evidence that the chloroplast evolved from a eukaryotic endosymbiont. Protoplasma , 1 2 7: 9- 20 . Ludwig , M. & Gibbs , S. P. 1989. Localization of phycoerythrin at the luminal surface of the thylakoid membrane in Rhodomonas lens . J. Cell Bioi., 108 :875-884 . McKerracher , L. & Gibbs , S. P. 1982 . Cell and nucleomorph division in the alga Cryptomonas . Can J. Bot. , 60 :2440-2452 .
Type species
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Raw text
Cells with a characteristic recurved posterior , imparting a sigmoid shape in lateral view. A keeled or winged rhizostyle extends the length of the cell acting as a cytoskeleton to maintain the cell shape. A simple furrow extends posteriorly from the vestibulum to a sac-like gullet. The periplast consists only of an inner sheet which is not associated with the cell membrane ; a surface peri-plast component is lacking. The periplastidal compartment contains 2 chloroplasts , each with its own pyrenoid not transversed by thylakoids , and 2 nucleomorphs located near each pyrenoid . Chloroplasts possess Cr-phycoerythrin 566 . Freshwater (Hill, 1991b; Klaveness , 1985 ; Kugrens and Lee, 1987; Kugrens et al. , 1 9 8 6 ; Munawar and Bistricki, 1979) . CRYPTOMONADIDA Scale=1 IJm. (From Kugrens et al. , 1986) Andersen , R. A. 1992 . Diversity of eukaryotic algae . Biodiversity Conserv., 1:267-292. Anderson , E. 1962. A cytological study of Chilomonas paramaecium with particular reference to the so- call ed trichocysts. J. Protozoal. , 9:380-395. Antia , N. J., Kalley , J. P. , McDonald , T. & Bisalputra , T. 1973 . Ultrastructure of the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas salina cultured under conditions of photoautotrophy and glyceroheterotrophy . J. Protozoal. , 20 :377-385 . Bourrelly , P. 1970. Les Algues d 'Eau Douce. Tome Ill: Les Algues Bleues et Rouges. Les Eugleniens, Peridiniens et Cryptomonadines. Editions N. Boubee & Ci e, Paris . 512 pp Brett , S. J. & Wetherbee , R. 1986. A comparative study of periplast structure in Cryptomonas cryophila and C. ovata (Cryptophyceae) . Protoplasma , 131 :23-31 . Butcher, R. W. 1967. An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Waters IV. Cryptophyceae. Fishery Invest ., Ser. 4, London , pp 1-54 Dodge, J. D. 1969. The ultrastructure of Chroomonas mesostigmatica Butcher (Cryptophyceae) . Arch. Mikrobiol ., 69 :266-280. Douglas, S. E., Murphy , C. A., Spencer, D. F. & Gray , M. W. 1991 . Cryptomonad algae are evolutionary chimeras of two phylogenetically distinct unicellular eukaryotes . Nature , 350:148-151. Dwarte, D. & Vesk, M. 1982. Freeze-fracture thylakoid ultrastructure of representative members of chlorophyll c algae. Micron , 13:325- 326. Dwarte , D. & Vesk , M. 1983. A freeze-fracture study of cryptomonad thylakoids . Protoplasma , 117 : 130-141 . Erata , M. & Chihara, M. 1989. Re-examination of Pyrenomonas and Rhodomonas (Class Cryptophyceae) through ultrastructural survey of red pigmented cryptomonads. Bot. Mag. Tokyo , 102 :429-442 . Faust , M. A. 1974. Structure of the periplast of Cryptomonas ovata var. palustris . J. Phycol., 10 : 121 - 124. Gantt , E. R. 1971 . Micromorphology of the periplast of Chroomonas sp . (Cryptophyceae) . J. Phycol., 7 : 177-184. Gantt , E. 1979. Phycobiliproteins of Cryptophyceae . In : Levandowsky , M . & Hutner, S. H. (eds .) , Biochemistry and Physiology of the Protozoa, Vol. 1. Academic Press , New York and London. pp 121-138 Gantt, E. R. 1980. Photosynthetic cryptophytes . In : Phytoflagellates, Developments in Marine Biology, Vol. 2. Elsevier, North Holland Amsterdam. pp 381 -405 Gantt, E., Edwards , M. R. & Provasoli , L. 1971 . Chloroplast structure of the Cryptophyceae , evidence for phycobiliproteins within intrathylakoidal spaces. J. Cell Bioi., 4 8:2 8 0- 290 . Gillot, M. 1990. Phylum Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads) . In: Margulis , L., Corliss , J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. & Chapman , D. J. (eds .), Handbook of Protoctista . Jones & Bartlett Publishers , Boston . pp 139-151 Gillot , M. A. & Gibbs, S. P. 1980. The cryptomonad nucleomorph : its structure and evolutionary significance. J. Phycol. , 16 :558-568 . Gillott, M. A & Gibbs, S. P. 1982 . Comparison of the flagellar rootlets and periplast in two marine cryptomonads . Can. J. Bot., 61 :1964-1980. Grain , J. , Mignot, J. P. & Puytorac, P. 1988 . Ultrastructures and evolutionary modalities of flagellar and ciliary systems in protists. Bioi. Cell., 63 :219-237. Grim , J. N. & Staehelin , L. A. 1984. The ejectisomes of the flagellate Chilomonas paramecium: 1124 CRYPTOMONADIDA visualization by freeze-fracture and isolation techniques . J. Protozoal., 3:259-267. Heywood , P. 1988. Ultrastructure of Chilomonas paramecium and the phylogeny of cryptoprotists. Biosys tems , 21 :293-298 . Hibberd , D. J. 1977. Observations on the ultra- structure of the cryptomonad endosymbiont of th e red-water ciliate Mesodinium rubrum . J. Mar Bioi. Assoc. U. K. , 57:45-61. Hibberd , D. J., Greenwood , A. D. & Griffiths , H. B. 1971 . Observation s on the ultrastructure and flagella and periplast in the Cryptophyceae. Br . Phycol. J. , 6:61-72 . Hill , D. R. A. 1990. Chroomonas and other blue-green cryptomonads. J. Phycol., 26:133-145 . Hill , D. R. A. 1991 a. Diversity of heterotrophic cryptomonads. In: Patterson , D.J. & Larsen , J , (eds .), The Biology of Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates. Systematics Association Special Volume 45. pp 235-240 Hill , D. R. A. 1991 b. A revised circumscription of Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae) based on examination of Australian strains . Phycologia , 3 0 : 170-188. Hill , D. R. A. & Rowan, K. S. 1989. Biliproteins of the Cryptophyceae. Phycologia , 28:455-463 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee, R. 1986. Proteomonas sulcata gen. et sp. nov . (Cryptophyceae) a crypto-monad with two morphologically distinct and alter-nating forms . Phycologia , 27 :521-543 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee, R. 1988. The structure and taxonmy of Rhinomonas pauca gen. et sp . nov . (Cryptophyceae). Phycologia, 27:355-365 . Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee , R. 1989 . A reappraisal of the genus Rhodomonas (Cryptophyceae). Phycologia , 28:143 - 158. Hill , D. R. A. & Wetherbee , R. 1990 . Guillardia theta gen. et sp . nov. (Cryptophyceae). Can. J. Bot. , 68 : 1873-1876 Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1950. Das Phytoplankton das SOsswaters, Tiel 3., Cryptophyceen , Chloromonadinen , Peridineen. In : Thienenemann , A. (ed.) , Stuttgart , pp2-78 . Klaveness , D. 1981 . Rhodomonas lacustris (Pascher & Ruttner) Javornicky (Cryptomonadida): ultra structure of the vegetative cell. J. Protozoal., 28 :83-90. Klaveness , D. 1985 . Classical and modern criteria for determining species of Cryptophyceae . Bull. Plankton Soc. Jap., 32: 111-128 . Klaveness , D. 1988. Ecology of the Cryptomonadida: A first rev iew . In: Sandgren , C, D. (ed.), Growth and Reproductive Strategies of Freshwater Phyto-plankton. Cambridge Univ. Press , New York. pp 105-133 Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1987 . An ultrastructural survey of cryptomonad periplasts using quick- freezing freeze-fracture techniques . J. Phycol., 23:365-376. Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1988. Ultrastructure of fertilization in a cryptomonad. J. Phyco/. , 24:510-518. Kugrens , P. & Lee , R. E. 1990 . Ultrastructural evidence for bacterial incorporation and mixotrophy in the photosynthetic cryptomonad Chroomonas pochmanni Huber-Pestalozzi (Cryptomonadida). J. Protozoal., 37:263 -267 . Kugrens , P. & Lee, R. E. 1991 . Organization of cryptomonads . In: Patterson , D. J. and Larsen , J . (eds.) , The Biology of Free -Living Heterotrophic Flagellates . The Systematics Association , Special Volume 45. pp 219-233 Kugrens, P., Lee, R. E. & Andersen , R. E. 1986 . Cell form and surface patterns in Chroomonas and Cryptomonas cells (Cryptophyta) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy . J. Phycol., 22:512-522. Kugrens, P. , Lee, R. E. & Andersen , R. E. 1987 . Ultrastructural variations in cryptomonad flagella. J. Phycol., 23:511-518 . Lee , R. E. & Kugrens , P. 1986 . The occurrence and structure of flagellar scales in some freshwater cryptophytes. J. Phycol. , 22:549-552. Lucas, I. A. N. 1970a. Observations on the ultrastructure of representatives of the genera Hemiselmis and Chroomonas (Cryptophyceae) . Br. Phycol. J. , 5 :2 9 -37. Lucas, I. A. N. 1970b. Observation on the fine structure of the Cryptophyceae . I. The genus Cryptomonas . J. Phycol. , 6:30-38 . Lucas, I. A. N. 1982 . Observation on the fine structure of the Cryptophyceae. II. The eyespot. Br. Phycol. J., 17 :113-119. Ludwig , M. & Gibbs, S. P. 1985. DNA is present in the nucleomorph of cryptomonads : further evidence that the chloroplast evolved from a eukaryotic endosymbiont. Protoplasma , 1 2 7: 9- 20 . Ludwig , M. & Gibbs , S. P. 1989. Localization of phycoerythrin at the luminal surface of the thylakoid membrane in Rhodomonas lens . J. Cell Bioi., 108 :875-884 . McKerracher , L. & Gibbs , S. P. 1982 . Cell and nucleomorph division in the alga Cryptomonas . Can J. Bot. , 60 :2440-2452 .