Description
The cell body looks like a split pear with its flattened ventral face occupied by the adhesive disk, which attaches the parasite to the intestinal mucosa of its host (Figs. 11, 12). The cell tapers posteriorly forming a tail prolongated by 2 caudal flagella . The basal bodies of the 4 pairs of flagella are situated between the 2 nuclei in the middle of DIPLOMONADIDA the cell. All flagella are directed posteriad. The axoneme of the 2 lateral flagella are first directed E forward then they cross each other and follow the d rim of the disk before emerging laterally. The 2 3 ventral flagella emerge ventrally in a groove i posterior to the disk. The 2 ventro-lateral ( flagella emerge on each side of the tail. The v axonemes of the 2 caudal flagella follow the p midline of the body and the flagella prolong the c tail . A pair of median bodies which looks like E commas are situated in the median part of the t cell. The transmittal forms are cysts with 4 s nuclei and internal cytoskeletal structures (Fig . d 1 1) . a c d f T i i f ( l m s a f d and Swezy , 1922). Dorsal and lateral views of the N flagellate and of the cyst with four nuclei . Bar= 1 0 s IJm . H a G A B B B showing the spiralled sucking disk (D), the vente - lateral flange (VLF), and flattened flagella in ventral B channel (VF) . Bar=1 0 ~m . (Courtesy of K. Vickerman ) lectron microscopic studies have revealed the etails of the structure of the ventral disk (Fig . h) . Its central part is composed of a spiral of nterlinked microtubules forming microribbons Figs . 3h, 12). The external rim of the disk or entro-lateral flange contains a striated or aracrystalline lamina. The median body is omposed of disorganized microribbons. xamination of basal body arrangement has shown he 2 sets of basal bodies are in axial binary ymmetry as in other "diplozoic forms" of iplomonads (Brugerolle , 1975b, 1991 a). The pparent bilateral symmetry is secondary and onsecutive to the development of the adhesive isk. The cell has no cytostome and the parasite eeds by pinocytosis occurring on the dorsal face. he cell adheres on the brush border of the ntestinal epithelial cells, and the sucking force s generated by the beating of the ventral enlarged lagella, which produce a ventral depression Holberton , 1973). The 41 species described ive in vertebrates and are distributed in 3 orphological groups corresponding to the pecies G. intestinalis from man and other nimals, G. muris from rodents and G. agilis rom amphibians . The light microscopic escription is given by Hegner ( 1 922), Kofoid nd Swezy (1922), Filice (1952) and Kulda and ohynkova (1978) , who provided also a list of pecies. Electron microscopy is found in olberton (1973), Brugerolle (1975b), Kulda nd Nohynkova ( 1 978) and in a book devoted to iardia and giardiasis (Erlandsen and Meyer, 984). lexeieff, A. 1910. Sur les flagelles intestinaux des poissons marins . Arch. Zoo/. Exp. G€m. Notes Rev. , so Serie, Vl :1-20 . ecker, C. D. 1977. Flagellate parasites of fish . In: Kreier, J. P. (ed.), Parasitic Protozoa , Vol. I. Academic Press, New York. pp 357-416 rugerolle, G. 1974. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa, Dangeard 191 0). Ill Etude ultrastructurale du genre Hexamita (Dujardin 1838). Protistologica, 1 0:83-90. rugerolle , G. 1975a. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Enteromonas da Fonseca (Zoomastigophorea) et revision de l'ordre des Diplomonadida Wenyon . J. Protozoal. , 22 :468-475 . rugerolle , G. 1975b. Contribution a !'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea , Diplozoa, Dangeard 191 0) . V. 11 34 DIPLOMONADI Nouvelle interpretation de !'organisation cellulaire de Giardia . Protistologica , 11 :99 -109 . Brugerolle , G. 1975c. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . VI . Caracteres gene raux des Diplozoai res. Protistologica , 11 :111-118 . Brugerolle , G. 1986. Separation des genres Trimitus (Diplomonadida) et Tricercomitus (Trichomonadida) d'apres leur ultrastructure . Protistologica , 22 :31-37 . Brugerolle , G. 1991 a. Flagellar and cytoskeletal systems in amitochondrial flagellates: Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala . Protoplasma, 164 :70-90 . Brugerolle , G. 1991 b. Cell organization in free- living amitochondriate heterotrophic flagellates. In : Patterson , D. J. & Larsen J. (eds .), The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates . The Systematics Association, Clarendon Press, Oxford , 45:133 -158 . Brugerolle , G, Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1973 Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea , Diplozoa Dangeard 191 0). I. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Trepomonas . Protistologica , 9:339-348. Brugerolle , G. , Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1974a. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophora , Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . II. Etude ultrastructurale d genre Spironucleus (Lavier 1936) . Protistologica , 9:495-502. Brugerolle, G., Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1974b Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . IV. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Octomitus (Prowazek 1904) Protistologica , 4:457-463 . Brugerolle , G., Kunstyr , 1., Senaud , J. & Freidhoff , K. T. 1980. A fine structure study of the pathogenic intestinal diplomonad flagellat Spironuc/eus muris (ex . Hexamita muris) trophozoite and cyst . Z. Parasitenkd. , 62:47 -61 . Calaway , W. T. & Lackey, J. B. 1962 . Waste treatment Protozoa . Flagellata . Florid Engineering Series, Gainsville, 3: 1-140. Cleveland , L. R., Hall, S. R., Sanders , E. P. & Collier , L. 1934 . The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus , its Protozoa and the symbiosis between Protozoa and roach . Mem. A mer. A cad. Arts Sci., 1 7 : 1 8 5- 342 . Desser, S. S., Hong, H. & Sidall , M. E. 1993. An ultrastructural study of Brugerolleia algonquinensis gen . nov ., sp . nov. (Diplomonadina; Diplomonadina) , a flagellate parasite in the blood DA of frogs from Ontario , Canada. Europ. J. Protista/., 29 :72-80 . Dobell , C. 1935. Researches on the intestinal Protozoa of monkeys and man . VII. On the Enteromonas of macaques and Embadomonas intestinalis . Parasitology, 27 :564-592. Erlandsen , S. L. & Meyer, E. A. (eds.) 1984. Giardia and giardiasis. Plenum Press, New York . Eyden, B. P. & Vickerman K. 1975. Ultrastructure and vacuolar movements in the free-living diplomonad Trepomonas agilis Klebs. J. Protozoal., 22:52-66. Filice, F. P. 1952. Studies on the cytology and I ife history of a Giardia from the laboratory rat. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 57:53-146. Grasse, P.-P. 1952. Ordre des Distomatines ou Diplozoaires . In : Grasse , P.- P. (ed .), Traite de Zoologie. Vol. I. Masson et Cie , Paris. pp 963-982 Hanel, K. 1979. Systematik und Okologie dere farblosen Flagellaten des Abwassers. Arch. Protistenkd., 121 : 73-137 . . Hegner, R. W. 1922. A comparative study of the giardias living in man, rabbit , and dog . Am. J . Hyg., 2 :442-454 . Holberton, D. V. 1973. Fine structure of the ventral disk apparatus and the mechanism of attachment in the flagellate Giardia muris. J. Cell Sci., 1 3: 11 - 41. Klebs, G. 1892. Flagelatenstudien I. Z. Wiss . Zoo/., u 55:265-351. Klug, G. 1936 . Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten der Gattungen Mastigamoeba , Mastigella , Cercobodo, . Tetramitus und Trigonomonas. Arch. Protistenkd. , 87 :97-116 . Kirby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1949 . Flagellates of the caecum of ground squirrels , Univ. Calif. Pub/. . Zoo/., 53 :30-36 . Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy , 0 . 1922. Mitosis and fission in the active and encysted phases of Giardia enterica (Grassi) of man , with a discussion of the e method of origin of bilateral symmetry in polymastigote flagellates . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20 : 199-234. Kulda , J. & Nohynkova , E. 1978. Flagellates of the a human intestine and of the intestines of other species . In : Kreier , J. P. (ed.) , Parasitic Protozoa . Vol 2. Academic Press , New York. pp 2 - 138 Lavier, G. 1936 . Sur Ia structure des Flagelles du genre Hexamita Duj . C. R. Soc. Bioi. , Paris , 1:1177-1180 . Lemmermann , E. 1910. Algen I. In : Lemmermann , E. (ed .), Kryptogamenflora der mark Brandenburg, Leipzig. 1910. pp 406-415 Liebmann, H. 1938. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Protozoenfauna des Faulschlammes des
Type species
Figures
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Raw text
The cell body looks like a split pear with its flattened ventral face occupied by the adhesive disk, which attaches the parasite to the intestinal mucosa of its host (Figs. 11, 12). The cell tapers posteriorly forming a tail prolongated by 2 caudal flagella . The basal bodies of the 4 pairs of flagella are situated between the 2 nuclei in the middle of DIPLOMONADIDA the cell. All flagella are directed posteriad. The axoneme of the 2 lateral flagella are first directed E forward then they cross each other and follow the d rim of the disk before emerging laterally. The 2 3 ventral flagella emerge ventrally in a groove i posterior to the disk. The 2 ventro-lateral ( flagella emerge on each side of the tail. The v axonemes of the 2 caudal flagella follow the p midline of the body and the flagella prolong the c tail . A pair of median bodies which looks like E commas are situated in the median part of the t cell. The transmittal forms are cysts with 4 s nuclei and internal cytoskeletal structures (Fig . d 1 1) . a c d f T i i f ( l m s a f d and Swezy , 1922). Dorsal and lateral views of the N flagellate and of the cyst with four nuclei . Bar= 1 0 s IJm . H a G A B B B showing the spiralled sucking disk (D), the vente - lateral flange (VLF), and flattened flagella in ventral B channel (VF) . Bar=1 0 ~m . (Courtesy of K. Vickerman ) lectron microscopic studies have revealed the etails of the structure of the ventral disk (Fig . h) . Its central part is composed of a spiral of nterlinked microtubules forming microribbons Figs . 3h, 12). The external rim of the disk or entro-lateral flange contains a striated or aracrystalline lamina. The median body is omposed of disorganized microribbons. xamination of basal body arrangement has shown he 2 sets of basal bodies are in axial binary ymmetry as in other "diplozoic forms" of iplomonads (Brugerolle , 1975b, 1991 a). The pparent bilateral symmetry is secondary and onsecutive to the development of the adhesive isk. The cell has no cytostome and the parasite eeds by pinocytosis occurring on the dorsal face. he cell adheres on the brush border of the ntestinal epithelial cells, and the sucking force s generated by the beating of the ventral enlarged lagella, which produce a ventral depression Holberton , 1973). The 41 species described ive in vertebrates and are distributed in 3 orphological groups corresponding to the pecies G. intestinalis from man and other nimals, G. muris from rodents and G. agilis rom amphibians . The light microscopic escription is given by Hegner ( 1 922), Kofoid nd Swezy (1922), Filice (1952) and Kulda and ohynkova (1978) , who provided also a list of pecies. Electron microscopy is found in olberton (1973), Brugerolle (1975b), Kulda nd Nohynkova ( 1 978) and in a book devoted to iardia and giardiasis (Erlandsen and Meyer, 984). lexeieff, A. 1910. Sur les flagelles intestinaux des poissons marins . Arch. Zoo/. Exp. G€m. Notes Rev. , so Serie, Vl :1-20 . ecker, C. D. 1977. Flagellate parasites of fish . In: Kreier, J. P. (ed.), Parasitic Protozoa , Vol. I. Academic Press, New York. pp 357-416 rugerolle, G. 1974. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa, Dangeard 191 0). Ill Etude ultrastructurale du genre Hexamita (Dujardin 1838). Protistologica, 1 0:83-90. rugerolle , G. 1975a. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Enteromonas da Fonseca (Zoomastigophorea) et revision de l'ordre des Diplomonadida Wenyon . J. Protozoal. , 22 :468-475 . rugerolle , G. 1975b. Contribution a !'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea , Diplozoa, Dangeard 191 0) . V. 11 34 DIPLOMONADI Nouvelle interpretation de !'organisation cellulaire de Giardia . Protistologica , 11 :99 -109 . Brugerolle , G. 1975c. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . VI . Caracteres gene raux des Diplozoai res. Protistologica , 11 :111-118 . Brugerolle , G. 1986. Separation des genres Trimitus (Diplomonadida) et Tricercomitus (Trichomonadida) d'apres leur ultrastructure . Protistologica , 22 :31-37 . Brugerolle , G. 1991 a. Flagellar and cytoskeletal systems in amitochondrial flagellates: Archamoebae , Metamonada and Parabasala . Protoplasma, 164 :70-90 . Brugerolle , G. 1991 b. Cell organization in free- living amitochondriate heterotrophic flagellates. In : Patterson , D. J. & Larsen J. (eds .), The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates . The Systematics Association, Clarendon Press, Oxford , 45:133 -158 . Brugerolle , G, Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1973 Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea , Diplozoa Dangeard 191 0). I. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Trepomonas . Protistologica , 9:339-348. Brugerolle , G. , Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1974a. Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophora , Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . II. Etude ultrastructurale d genre Spironucleus (Lavier 1936) . Protistologica , 9:495-502. Brugerolle, G., Joyon , L. & Oktem , N. 1974b Contribution a l'etude cytologique et phyletique des Diplozoaires (Zoomastigophorea, Diplozoa , Dangeard 191 0) . IV. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Octomitus (Prowazek 1904) Protistologica , 4:457-463 . Brugerolle , G., Kunstyr , 1., Senaud , J. & Freidhoff , K. T. 1980. A fine structure study of the pathogenic intestinal diplomonad flagellat Spironuc/eus muris (ex . Hexamita muris) trophozoite and cyst . Z. Parasitenkd. , 62:47 -61 . Calaway , W. T. & Lackey, J. B. 1962 . Waste treatment Protozoa . Flagellata . Florid Engineering Series, Gainsville, 3: 1-140. Cleveland , L. R., Hall, S. R., Sanders , E. P. & Collier , L. 1934 . The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus , its Protozoa and the symbiosis between Protozoa and roach . Mem. A mer. A cad. Arts Sci., 1 7 : 1 8 5- 342 . Desser, S. S., Hong, H. & Sidall , M. E. 1993. An ultrastructural study of Brugerolleia algonquinensis gen . nov ., sp . nov. (Diplomonadina; Diplomonadina) , a flagellate parasite in the blood DA of frogs from Ontario , Canada. Europ. J. Protista/., 29 :72-80 . Dobell , C. 1935. Researches on the intestinal Protozoa of monkeys and man . VII. On the Enteromonas of macaques and Embadomonas intestinalis . Parasitology, 27 :564-592. Erlandsen , S. L. & Meyer, E. A. (eds.) 1984. Giardia and giardiasis. Plenum Press, New York . Eyden, B. P. & Vickerman K. 1975. Ultrastructure and vacuolar movements in the free-living diplomonad Trepomonas agilis Klebs. J. Protozoal., 22:52-66. Filice, F. P. 1952. Studies on the cytology and I ife history of a Giardia from the laboratory rat. Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 57:53-146. Grasse, P.-P. 1952. Ordre des Distomatines ou Diplozoaires . In : Grasse , P.- P. (ed .), Traite de Zoologie. Vol. I. Masson et Cie , Paris. pp 963-982 Hanel, K. 1979. Systematik und Okologie dere farblosen Flagellaten des Abwassers. Arch. Protistenkd., 121 : 73-137 . . Hegner, R. W. 1922. A comparative study of the giardias living in man, rabbit , and dog . Am. J . Hyg., 2 :442-454 . Holberton, D. V. 1973. Fine structure of the ventral disk apparatus and the mechanism of attachment in the flagellate Giardia muris. J. Cell Sci., 1 3: 11 - 41. Klebs, G. 1892. Flagelatenstudien I. Z. Wiss . Zoo/., u 55:265-351. Klug, G. 1936 . Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten der Gattungen Mastigamoeba , Mastigella , Cercobodo, . Tetramitus und Trigonomonas. Arch. Protistenkd. , 87 :97-116 . Kirby , H. & Honigberg , B. M. 1949 . Flagellates of the caecum of ground squirrels , Univ. Calif. Pub/. . Zoo/., 53 :30-36 . Kofoid, C. A. & Swezy , 0 . 1922. Mitosis and fission in the active and encysted phases of Giardia enterica (Grassi) of man , with a discussion of the e method of origin of bilateral symmetry in polymastigote flagellates . Univ. Calif. Pub/. Zoo/., 20 : 199-234. Kulda , J. & Nohynkova , E. 1978. Flagellates of the a human intestine and of the intestines of other species . In : Kreier , J. P. (ed.) , Parasitic Protozoa . Vol 2. Academic Press , New York. pp 2 - 138 Lavier, G. 1936 . Sur Ia structure des Flagelles du genre Hexamita Duj . C. R. Soc. Bioi. , Paris , 1:1177-1180 . Lemmermann , E. 1910. Algen I. In : Lemmermann , E. (ed .), Kryptogamenflora der mark Brandenburg, Leipzig. 1910. pp 406-415 Liebmann, H. 1938. Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Protozoenfauna des Faulschlammes des