Bonamia

Description

Pichot, Comps, Tige, Grizel & Rabouin, 1980 Aze Spores have not been observed. Small (2-7 iJ m), rounded, uninculeate or binucleate cells or, rarely , plasmodia with 4-5 nuclei are found in the cytoplasm of granular hemocytes and g iII Bar epithelia (Fig. 12). The ultrastructure includes tubulovesicular mitochondria, haplosporosomes, multi-vesicular bodies, and Golgi bodies where haplosporosomes are formed. Nuclei divide within Bar an intact nuclear membrane, utilizing a mitotic apparatus which is attached to 2 spindle pole bodies (microtubule organizing centers) . There is one named species found in oysters ( Ostrea Bre edulis Linne , 1758) from Europe and North America. A member of the genus, either B. ostreae or a new species yet to be described, has been reported from New Zealand oysters ( Tiostrea chilensis Phillipi , 1845; syn .= T. /uta ria Hutton, Cau 1873) by Dinamani et al. (1987). Ole named species. us Mikrocytos Farley , Wolf & Elston, 1988 spores have been observed. Small ( 1 -4 iJ m) ls with essentially the same structure as B. reae except plasmodia have not been reported. brane-bounded , 5- and/or 6-sided dense ies of 40-45 nm are found in the cytoplasm of species (M. mackim) . Always associated with cess-type focal inflammatory lesions in the l, connective , and gonadal tissues. Found in the ific oyster , Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 3, from Denman Island, British Columbia and m the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea mercia/is. Two named species. E SPECIES: Mikrocytos mackini Farley , Wolf lston , 1988. vedo , C. 1984. Ultrastructure of th e spore of Haplosporidium /usitanicum sp . n. (Haplosporida , Haplosporidiidae), parasite of a marine mollusc . J. Parasitol., 70 :358 - 371 . vedo , C. & Corral , L. 1987. Fine structure , development and cytochemistry of the spherulosome of Haplosporidium lusitanicum (Haplosporida} . Europ . J. Protista!., 23 :89-94 . vedo , C. , Corral , L. & Perkins , F. 0 . 1985. Ultrastructural observations of spore excystment , plasmodial development and sporoblast formation in Haplosporidium lusitanicum (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) . Z. Parasitenkd., 71 :715-726 . row, J . H. 1965. Observations on Minchinia pickfordae (Barrow 1961) found in snails of the Great Lakes region . Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc., 84 : 587 - 593 . ta , J. R. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of the class Sporozoea (phylum Apicomplexa Levine , 1970 ) : evidence for the independent evolution of heteroxenous life cycles . J . Parasitol., 7 5 : 1 9 5 - 206 . helin , M., Bonami, J .-R., Cousserans , F. & Vivares , C. P. 1982 . Existence de formes plasmodiales vraies chez Bonamia ostreae parasite de I'Huitre plate Ostrea edulis. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 295:45-48 . llery , M. 1953. Appendice aux Sporozoaires : Classe des haplosporidies (Haplosporidia Caul le ry et Mesnil 1899) . Traite de Zoologie, 1 :922-934 . llery , M. & Mesnil , F. 1899. Sur les 1340 HAPLOSPORIDI Aplosporidies, order nouveau de Ia classe des Sporozoaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 129 : 616- 619 . Caullery, M. & Mesnil, F. 1905a. Recherches sur les haplosporidies . Arch. Zoot. Exp. Gen., Ser.IV, 4 : 101- 181. Caullery , M. & Mesnil , F. 1905b. Sur quelques nouvelles Haplosporidies d'Annelide . C. R. Soc. Bioi., 58 :580-583. Corliss, J. 0. 1984. The kingdom Protista and its 4 5 phyla. Biosystems, 17 :87-126. Cornelissen , A. W. C. A. , Overdulve , J. P. & Van Der Ploeg , M. 1984. Determination of nuclear DNA of five Eucoccidian parasites, Isospora (Toxoplasma) gondii, Sarcocystis cruzi, Eimeria tenel/a , E. acervu/ina and Plasmodium berghei, with special reference to gamontogenesis and meiosis in /. ( T.) gondii. Parasitology, 8 8 : 5 31 - 553 . Debaisieux, P. 1920. Haplosporidium (Minchinia) chiton is Lank., Haplosporidium nemertis, nov . sp ., et le groupe des haplosporidies . Cellule, 30 :291-313 . Desportes , I. & Nashed, N. N. 1983 . Ultrastructure of sporulation in Minchinia dentali (Arvy), an haplosporean parasite of Dentalium entale (Scaphopoda, Mollusca) ; taxonomic implications . Protistologica , 19 :435-460. Dinamani , P., Hine , P. M. & Jones , J. B. 1987. Occurrence and characteristics of the haemocyte parasite Bonamia sp. in the New Zealand dredge oyster Tiostrea /uta ria . Dis. A quat. Org., 3 : 3 7- 44. Dykova , 1., Lom , J . & Fajer, E. 1988. A new haplosporean infecting the hepatopancreas in the penaeid shrimp , Penaeus vannamei. J. Fish Dis. , 11:15 - 22 . Hillman , R. E., Ford, S. E. & Haskin, H. H. 1990. Minch inia teredinis n. sp . (Balanosporida , Haplosporidiidae) , a parasite of teredinid shipworms. J. Protozoal., 37 :364-368 . Hine , P. M. & Wesney, B. 1992. Interrelationships of cytoplasmic structures in Bonamia sp . (Haplosporidia) infecting oysters Tiostrea chilensis: an interpretation . Dis. Aquat. Org ., 14 : 59-68 . Labbe , A. 1896 . Recherches zoologiques , cytologiques et biologiques sur les coccidies . Arch. Zoot. Exp . Gen . (Ser. 3), 4 :517-654 . La Haye , C. A., Holland, N. D. & Mclean , N. 1984. Electron microscope study of Haplosporidium comatula e n.sp. (Phylum Acetospora : Class Stellatosporea) , a haplosporidian endoparasite of an Aust ralian crinoid , 0/igometra serripinna A {Phylum Echinodermata). Protistologica , 20:507 - 515 . Lange, C. 1993. Unclassified protists of arthropods : The ultrastructure of Nephridiophaga periplanetae (Lutz & Splendora , 1903) n. comb ., and the affinities of the Nephridiophagidae to other protists. J. Protozoal. , 40 :689 -700 . Lankester, E. R. 1885 . Protozoa . In : En cyclopaedia Britannica . 9th ed . 19:830-866 . Larsson , R. 1987. On Haplosporidium gamm ari, a parasite of the amphipod Rivulogammarus pulex, and its relationships with the phylum Ascetospora . J. lnvertebr. Pathol., 4 9 : 1 59- 169 . Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases of Mollusca : Amphineura . In : Kinne , 0 . (ed. ), Diseases of Marine Animals. II . Biologische Anstalt Helgoland , Hamburg , Germany. pp 963-975 Lom , J ., Molnar, K. & Dykova , I. 1986. Hoferellus gilsoni (Debais ieux , 1925) comb . n. (Myxozoa , Myxosporea) : redescription and mode of attachment to the epithelium of the urinar y bladder of its host, the European eel. Protistologica , 22 :405-413. Manier, J.-F ., Akbarieh , M. & Bouix , G. 1976. Coelosporidium chydoricola Mesnil et Marchoux , 1897 : observations ultrastructu rales , donnees nouvelles sur le cycle et Ia position systematique . Protistologica , 12 :599-612 . McGovern , E. R. & Burreson , E. M. 1990. Ultrastructure of Minchinia sp . spores from shipworms (Teredo spp .) in the western north Atlantic, with a discussion of taxonomy of th e Haplosporidiidae . J. Protozoal., 37 :212-218 . Montes, J. , Anad6n , R. & Azevedo , C. 1994. A possible life cycle for Bonamia ostreae on th e basis of electron microscopy stud ies. J. lnvertebr. Pathol. , 63 :1-6. Ormieres , R. 1980. Haplosporidium panst n. sp. , Haplosporidie parasite de Serpula vermicula ris L. etude ultrastructurale de Ia spore . Protistologica , 16 :467-474 . Ormieres, R. , Sprague , V. & Bartoli , P. 1973. Light and electron microscope study of a new species of Urosporidium (Haplosporida) , hyperparasite of trematode sporocysts in the clam Abra ovata. J . lnvertebr. Pathol., 21 :71 -86 . Paulin , J. J. 1992 . General comments on fixation of protozoa for transmission electron microscopy. In: Lee, J. J. & Soldo, A. T. (eds .) , Protocols in Protozoology. Publ. by Society of Protozoal. C- 16 .1 . Perkins , F. 0 . 1968. Fine structure of the oyster pathogen Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida , HAPLOSPORI DIA Haplosporidiidae). J. lnvertebr. Pathol., 10 :287-305 . Perkins , F. 0 . 1971. Sporulation in the trematode hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens De Turk, 1940 (Haplosporida: Haplosporidiidae)-An electron microscope study . J. Parasitol., 57 : 9- 23 . Perkins , F. 0 . 1975a. Fine structure of the haplosporidan Kernstab , a persistent , intranuclear mitotic apparatus . J. Cell Sci., 18:327-346 . Perkins , F. 0. 1975b. Fine structure of Minchinia sp . (Haplosporida) sporulation in the mud crab, Panopeus herbstii. Mar. Fish. Rev., 37:46-60 . Perkins , F. 0 . 1979. Cell structure of shellfish pathogens and hyperparasites in the genera Minchinia , Urosporidium , Haplosporidium and Marteilia-taxonomic implications . Mar. Fish . Rev., 41 :25-37 . Perkins , F. 0 . 1990. Phylum Haplosporidia. In : Margulis , L. , Corliss , J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. & Chapman , D. J. (eds.) , Handbook of Protoctista . Jones & Bartlett Publ. Boston , Massachusetts . pp 19-29 Perkins , F. 0 . 1991 . Sporozoa. In : Harrison, F. W. & Corliss , J . 0 . (eds .), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates . Wiley-Liss , New York, New York, 1 : 261-331 . Perkins , F. 0 . & van Banning , P. 1981. Surface ultrastructure of spores in three genera of Balanosporida , particularly in Minchinia armoricana van Banning , 1977-The taxonomic significance of spore wall ornamentation in the Balanosporida . J. Parasitol., 67 :866-874 . Perkins , F. 0 ., Zwerner, D. E. & Dias, R. K. 1975. The hyperparasite, Urosporidium spisuli sp.n. (Haplosporea), and its effects on the surf clam industry. J. Parasitol., 61 :944'-949. Pichot, Y ., Comps , M., Tige , G., Grizel , H. & Rabouin, M.-A . 1980. Recherches sur Bonamia ostreae gen . n., sp . n. , parasite nouveau de l'huitre plate Ostrea edulis L. Rev. Trav. lnst. Peches Marit. , 43 : 131-140 . Purrini , K. & Weiser, J. 1990. Light and electron microscopy studies on a protozoan, Oryctospora alata n. gen., n. sp ., (Protista : Coelosporidiidae) parasitizing a natural population of the Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes monoceros Ol iv. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) . Zoo/. Beitr., 33 :209-220 . Purrini , K., We iser, J. & Kohring , G.-W. 1988. Coelosporidium tangae n. sp . (Protista) , a new protist parasitizing a natural population of a field cockroach , Blatta sp . (Biattaria) . Arch. Protistenkd., 136 :273-281 . Scro, R. A. & Ford , S. E. 1990 . An electron microscopic study of disease progression in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica , infected with the protozoan parasite , Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) . In : Perkins, F. 0 . & Cheng, T. C. (eds .), Pathology in Marine Science. Academic Pr ess, San Diego , California. pp 229-254 Sogin , M. L. 1989 . Evolution of eukaryotic microorganisms and their small subunit ribosomal RNA's. Amer. Zoo/., 29:487-499 . Sprague , V. 1963. Revis ion of genus Haplosporidium and restoration of genus Minchinia (Haplosporidia, Haplosporidiidae). J. Protozoal., 10:263-266 . Sprague , V. 1970. Recent problems of taxonomy and morphology of Haplosporidia . J. Parasitol., 56 :(Sec. II , Part 1) :327-328 . Sprague , V. 1978. Comments on trends in resea rch on parasitic diseases of shellfish and fish . Mar. Fish . Rev., 40 :26 -3 0 . Sprague , V. 1979. Classification of the Haplosporidia . Mar. Fish . Rev. , 41 :40-44 . Sprague , V . 1982 . Acetospora. In : Parker, S. P. (ed.) , Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Co. , New York , New York . 1:599-601 . Toguebaye , B. S. , Manier,J. -F. , Bouix , G. & Marchand , B. 1986. Nephridiophaga ormieresi n. sp ., protiste parasite d'Aspidomorpha cincta Fabricius , 1781 (lnsecte Coleopt ere: Chrysomelidae) . Etude ultrastructural. Protistologica , 22 :317-325 . Wainright , P. 0 ., Hinkle , G., Sogin , M. L. & Stickel , S. K. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa : an evolutionary link with fungi. Science, 260 : 340-342 . Woolever, P. 1966. Life history and electron microscopy of a Haplosporidium , Nephridiophaga blattellae (Crawley) n. comb ., in the Malpighian tubules of the German cockroach , Blattella germanica (L.). J. Protozoal., 13 :622-642.

Type species

Bonamia ostreae Pichot, Comps, Cau e, Grizel & Rabouin , 1980.

Figures

Raw text

Pichot, Comps, Tige, Grizel & Rabouin, 1980 Aze
Spores have not been observed. Small (2-7 iJ m),
rounded, uninculeate or binucleate cells or,
rarely , plasmodia with 4-5 nuclei are found in
the cytoplasm of granular hemocytes and g iII Bar
epithelia (Fig. 12). The ultrastructure includes
tubulovesicular mitochondria, haplosporosomes,
multi-vesicular bodies, and Golgi bodies where
haplosporosomes are formed. Nuclei divide within Bar
an intact nuclear membrane, utilizing a mitotic
apparatus which is attached to 2 spindle pole
bodies (microtubule organizing centers) . There
is one named species found in oysters ( Ostrea
Bre
edulis Linne , 1758) from Europe and North
America. A member of the genus, either B.
ostreae or a new species yet to be described, has
been reported from New Zealand oysters ( Tiostrea
chilensis Phillipi , 1845; syn .= T. /uta ria Hutton, Cau
1873) by Dinamani et al. (1987). Ole named
species.
us Mikrocytos Farley , Wolf & Elston, 1988
spores have been observed. Small ( 1 -4 iJ m)
ls with essentially the same structure as B.
reae except plasmodia have not been reported.
brane-bounded , 5- and/or 6-sided dense
ies of 40-45 nm are found in the cytoplasm of
species (M. mackim) . Always associated with
cess-type focal inflammatory lesions in the
l, connective , and gonadal tissues. Found in the
ific oyster , Crassostrea gigas Thunberg,
3, from Denman Island, British Columbia and
m the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea
mercia/is. Two named species.
E SPECIES: Mikrocytos mackini Farley , Wolf
lston , 1988.
vedo , C. 1984. Ultrastructure of th e spore of
Haplosporidium /usitanicum sp . n. (Haplosporida ,
Haplosporidiidae), parasite of a marine mollusc .
J. Parasitol., 70 :358 - 371 .
vedo , C. & Corral , L. 1987. Fine structure ,
development and cytochemistry of the
spherulosome of Haplosporidium lusitanicum
(Haplosporida} . Europ . J. Protista!., 23 :89-94 .
vedo , C. , Corral , L. & Perkins , F. 0 . 1985.
Ultrastructural observations of spore
excystment , plasmodial development and
sporoblast formation in Haplosporidium
lusitanicum (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) . Z.
Parasitenkd., 71 :715-726 .
row, J . H. 1965. Observations on Minchinia
pickfordae (Barrow 1961) found in snails of the
Great Lakes region . Trans . Am. Microsc. Soc.,
84 : 587 - 593 .
ta , J. R. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of the class
Sporozoea (phylum Apicomplexa Levine , 1970 ) :
evidence for the independent evolution of
heteroxenous life cycles . J . Parasitol., 7 5 : 1 9 5 -
206 .
helin , M., Bonami, J .-R., Cousserans , F. &
Vivares , C. P. 1982 . Existence de formes
plasmodiales vraies chez Bonamia ostreae
parasite de I'Huitre plate Ostrea edulis. C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, 295:45-48 .
llery , M. 1953. Appendice aux Sporozoaires :
Classe des haplosporidies (Haplosporidia Caul le ry
et Mesnil 1899) . Traite de Zoologie, 1 :922-934 .
llery , M. & Mesnil , F. 1899. Sur les
1340 HAPLOSPORIDI
Aplosporidies, order nouveau de Ia classe des
Sporozoaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 129 : 616-
619 .
Caullery, M. & Mesnil, F. 1905a. Recherches sur les
haplosporidies . Arch. Zoot. Exp. Gen., Ser.IV,
4 : 101- 181.
Caullery , M. & Mesnil , F. 1905b. Sur quelques
nouvelles Haplosporidies d'Annelide . C. R. Soc.
Bioi., 58 :580-583.
Corliss, J. 0. 1984. The kingdom Protista and its 4 5
phyla. Biosystems, 17 :87-126.
Cornelissen , A. W. C. A. , Overdulve , J. P. & Van Der
Ploeg , M. 1984. Determination of nuclear DNA
of five Eucoccidian parasites, Isospora
(Toxoplasma) gondii, Sarcocystis cruzi, Eimeria
tenel/a , E. acervu/ina and Plasmodium berghei,
with special reference to gamontogenesis and
meiosis in /. ( T.) gondii. Parasitology, 8 8 : 5 31 -
553 .
Debaisieux, P. 1920. Haplosporidium (Minchinia)
chiton is Lank., Haplosporidium nemertis, nov .
sp ., et le groupe des haplosporidies . Cellule,
30 :291-313 .
Desportes , I. & Nashed, N. N. 1983 . Ultrastructure
of sporulation in Minchinia dentali (Arvy), an
haplosporean parasite of Dentalium entale
(Scaphopoda, Mollusca) ; taxonomic implications .
Protistologica , 19 :435-460.
Dinamani , P., Hine , P. M. & Jones , J. B. 1987.
Occurrence and characteristics of the haemocyte
parasite Bonamia sp. in the New Zealand dredge
oyster Tiostrea /uta ria . Dis. A quat. Org., 3 : 3 7-
44.
Dykova , 1., Lom , J . & Fajer, E. 1988. A new
haplosporean infecting the hepatopancreas in the
penaeid shrimp , Penaeus vannamei. J. Fish Dis. ,
11:15 - 22 .
Hillman , R. E., Ford, S. E. & Haskin, H. H. 1990.
Minch inia teredinis n. sp . (Balanosporida ,
Haplosporidiidae) , a parasite of teredinid
shipworms. J. Protozoal., 37 :364-368 .
Hine , P. M. & Wesney, B. 1992. Interrelationships of
cytoplasmic structures in Bonamia sp .
(Haplosporidia) infecting oysters Tiostrea
chilensis: an interpretation . Dis. Aquat. Org .,
14 : 59-68 .
Labbe , A. 1896 . Recherches zoologiques ,
cytologiques et biologiques sur les coccidies .
Arch. Zoot. Exp . Gen . (Ser. 3), 4 :517-654 .
La Haye , C. A., Holland, N. D. & Mclean , N. 1984.
Electron microscope study of Haplosporidium
comatula e n.sp. (Phylum Acetospora : Class
Stellatosporea) , a haplosporidian endoparasite of
an Aust ralian crinoid , 0/igometra serripinna
A
{Phylum Echinodermata). Protistologica ,
20:507 - 515 .
Lange, C. 1993. Unclassified protists of arthropods :
The ultrastructure of Nephridiophaga
periplanetae (Lutz & Splendora , 1903) n. comb .,
and the affinities of the Nephridiophagidae to
other protists. J. Protozoal. , 40 :689 -700 .
Lankester, E. R. 1885 . Protozoa . In : En cyclopaedia
Britannica . 9th ed . 19:830-866 .
Larsson , R. 1987. On Haplosporidium gamm ari, a
parasite of the amphipod Rivulogammarus pulex,
and its relationships with the phylum
Ascetospora . J. lnvertebr. Pathol., 4 9 : 1 59-
169 .
Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases of Mollusca :
Amphineura . In : Kinne , 0 . (ed. ), Diseases of
Marine Animals. II . Biologische Anstalt Helgoland ,
Hamburg , Germany. pp 963-975
Lom , J ., Molnar, K. & Dykova , I. 1986. Hoferellus
gilsoni (Debais ieux , 1925) comb . n. (Myxozoa ,
Myxosporea) : redescription and mode of
attachment to the epithelium of the urinar y
bladder of its host, the European eel.
Protistologica , 22 :405-413.
Manier, J.-F ., Akbarieh , M. & Bouix , G. 1976.
Coelosporidium chydoricola Mesnil et Marchoux ,
1897 : observations ultrastructu rales , donnees
nouvelles sur le cycle et Ia position
systematique . Protistologica , 12 :599-612 .
McGovern , E. R. & Burreson , E. M. 1990.
Ultrastructure of Minchinia sp . spores from
shipworms (Teredo spp .) in the western north
Atlantic, with a discussion of taxonomy of th e
Haplosporidiidae . J. Protozoal., 37 :212-218 .
Montes, J. , Anad6n , R. & Azevedo , C. 1994. A
possible life cycle for Bonamia ostreae on th e
basis of electron microscopy stud ies. J.
lnvertebr. Pathol. , 63 :1-6.
Ormieres , R. 1980. Haplosporidium panst n. sp. ,
Haplosporidie parasite de Serpula vermicula ris L.
etude ultrastructurale de Ia spore .
Protistologica , 16 :467-474 .
Ormieres, R. , Sprague , V. & Bartoli , P. 1973. Light
and electron microscope study of a new species
of Urosporidium (Haplosporida) , hyperparasite of
trematode sporocysts in the clam Abra ovata. J .
lnvertebr. Pathol., 21 :71 -86 .
Paulin , J. J. 1992 . General comments on fixation of
protozoa for transmission electron microscopy.
In: Lee, J. J. & Soldo, A. T. (eds .) , Protocols in
Protozoology. Publ. by Society of Protozoal. C-
16 .1 .
Perkins , F. 0 . 1968. Fine structure of the oyster
pathogen Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida ,
HAPLOSPORI DIA
Haplosporidiidae). J. lnvertebr. Pathol.,
10 :287-305 .
Perkins , F. 0 . 1971. Sporulation in the trematode
hyperparasite Urosporidium crescens De Turk,
1940 (Haplosporida: Haplosporidiidae)-An
electron microscope study . J. Parasitol., 57 : 9-
23 .
Perkins , F. 0 . 1975a. Fine structure of the
haplosporidan Kernstab , a persistent ,
intranuclear mitotic apparatus . J. Cell Sci.,
18:327-346 .
Perkins , F. 0. 1975b. Fine structure of Minchinia sp .
(Haplosporida) sporulation in the mud crab,
Panopeus herbstii. Mar. Fish. Rev., 37:46-60 .
Perkins , F. 0 . 1979. Cell structure of shellfish
pathogens and hyperparasites in the genera
Minchinia , Urosporidium , Haplosporidium and
Marteilia-taxonomic implications . Mar. Fish .
Rev., 41 :25-37 .
Perkins , F. 0 . 1990. Phylum Haplosporidia. In :
Margulis , L. , Corliss , J. 0 ., Melkonian , M. &
Chapman , D. J. (eds.) , Handbook of Protoctista .
Jones & Bartlett Publ. Boston , Massachusetts .
pp 19-29
Perkins , F. 0 . 1991 . Sporozoa. In : Harrison, F. W. &
Corliss , J . 0 . (eds .), Microscopic Anatomy of
Invertebrates . Wiley-Liss , New York, New York,
1 : 261-331 .
Perkins , F. 0 . & van Banning , P. 1981. Surface
ultrastructure of spores in three genera of
Balanosporida , particularly in Minchinia
armoricana van Banning , 1977-The taxonomic
significance of spore wall ornamentation in the
Balanosporida . J. Parasitol., 67 :866-874 .
Perkins , F. 0 ., Zwerner, D. E. & Dias, R. K. 1975.
The hyperparasite, Urosporidium spisuli sp.n.
(Haplosporea), and its effects on the surf clam
industry. J. Parasitol., 61 :944'-949.
Pichot, Y ., Comps , M., Tige , G., Grizel , H. & Rabouin,
M.-A . 1980. Recherches sur Bonamia ostreae
gen . n., sp . n. , parasite nouveau de l'huitre plate
Ostrea edulis L. Rev. Trav. lnst. Peches Marit. ,
43 : 131-140 .
Purrini , K. & Weiser, J. 1990. Light and electron
microscopy studies on a protozoan, Oryctospora
alata n. gen., n. sp ., (Protista : Coelosporidiidae)
parasitizing a natural population of the
Rhinoceros beetle Oryctes monoceros Ol iv.
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) . Zoo/. Beitr.,
33 :209-220 .
Purrini , K., We iser, J. & Kohring , G.-W. 1988.
Coelosporidium tangae n. sp . (Protista) , a new
protist parasitizing a natural population of a field
cockroach , Blatta sp . (Biattaria) . Arch.
Protistenkd., 136 :273-281 .
Scro, R. A. & Ford , S. E. 1990 . An electron
microscopic study of disease progression in the
oyster, Crassostrea virginica , infected with the
protozoan parasite , Haplosporidium nelsoni
(MSX) . In : Perkins, F. 0 . & Cheng, T. C. (eds .),
Pathology in Marine Science. Academic Pr ess,
San Diego , California. pp 229-254
Sogin , M. L. 1989 . Evolution of eukaryotic
microorganisms and their small subunit
ribosomal RNA's. Amer. Zoo/., 29:487-499 .
Sprague , V. 1963. Revis ion of genus Haplosporidium
and restoration of genus Minchinia
(Haplosporidia, Haplosporidiidae). J. Protozoal.,
10:263-266 .
Sprague , V. 1970. Recent problems of taxonomy and
morphology of Haplosporidia . J. Parasitol.,
56 :(Sec. II , Part 1) :327-328 .
Sprague , V. 1978. Comments on trends in resea rch
on parasitic diseases of shellfish and fish . Mar.
Fish . Rev., 40 :26 -3 0 .
Sprague , V. 1979. Classification of the
Haplosporidia . Mar. Fish . Rev. , 41 :40-44 .
Sprague , V . 1982 . Acetospora. In : Parker, S. P.
(ed.) , Synopsis and Classification of Living
Organisms. McGraw-Hill Book Co. , New York ,
New York . 1:599-601 .
Toguebaye , B. S. , Manier,J. -F. , Bouix , G. &
Marchand , B. 1986. Nephridiophaga ormieresi n.
sp ., protiste parasite d'Aspidomorpha cincta
Fabricius , 1781 (lnsecte Coleopt ere:
Chrysomelidae) . Etude ultrastructural.
Protistologica , 22 :317-325 .
Wainright , P. 0 ., Hinkle , G., Sogin , M. L. & Stickel , S.
K. 1993. Monophyletic origins of the Metazoa :
an evolutionary link with fungi. Science,
260 : 340-342 .
Woolever, P. 1966. Life history and electron
microscopy of a Haplosporidium , Nephridiophaga
blattellae (Crawley) n. comb ., in the Malpighian
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